tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78150718093129151172024-03-07T23:28:20.152-08:00Custom writing tipsJanehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.comBlogger234125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-50923085684298468782020-08-23T01:21:00.001-07:002020-08-23T01:21:06.316-07:00Defining Permafrost3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview Youââ¬â¢ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps youââ¬â¢re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly youââ¬â¢re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. Youââ¬â¢ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space youââ¬â¢ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybodyââ¬â¢s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYouââ¬â¢ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, itââ¬â¢s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however itââ¬â¢s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-20819603460098073392020-08-21T23:02:00.001-07:002020-08-21T23:02:07.995-07:00Water Sanitation Hygiene ResourcesQuestion: Compose a paper on Water Sanitation Hygiene Resources. Answer: Clean Water and Proper Sanitation Is Essential To Improve The Society Keeping up great cleanliness is fundamental on the off chance that you need to live a solid and sans germ live. Clean water and appropriate sanitation certainly assumes a solid job in this specific situation. It is basic for reasonable development and appropriate improvement of children too grown-ups. Its dispiriting to express that about 2.4 billion of the universes human populace doesnt utilize the ad libbed sanitation framework. The explanation likely could be various; it is possible that they are not knowledgeable to the advantages or they might not have legitimate access. The later explanation is very right if there should be an occurrence of improved water assets. Indeed, almost 663 million individuals dont have legitimate or any entrance to these sources. These are the fundamental needs to humankind. Perfect and safe drinking water is the root to solid living. Without these essential needs, the lives of a great many youngsters are in danger. The majority of the illnesses that the children underneath the age of 5 experience the ill effects of because of poor sanitation and contaminated water presentation. Actually, each and every day, close around 800 children face passing because of inappropriate cleanliness, sanitation, and contaminated water. Postulation: We are attempting to improve the world a spot to live through improve sanitation and water strategies The slogan Achieving Water and Sanitation Services for Health in Developing Countries proposes the way that spotless water has an essential influence in feasible sound living. Legitimate sanitation framework is similarly significant and must be accomplished in all the creating and developing nations. To be commonsense, there is no item to characterize. We are attempting to serve the general public for its improvement. We are here to improve the sanitation procedure in immature nations. We are attempting to spread mindfulness with respect to the significance of inoculation against savage infections that spread measles, pox, and TB. Their definitive help is into giving reasonable framework while ad libbing on the water necessities and sanitation framework. The total populace is going towards trillion. With such humongous populace, is it authentic that water needs and necessity are satisfied appropriately? No, its not the situation. The situation is very more regrettable in a portion of the oppressed nations. Indeed, a typical situation is that gathering water from lakes and wells are finished by the ladies network as it were. This ought not be the situation. Lives of ladies are additionally affected vigorously because of ill-advised utilization and less accessibility of water in the oppressed districts. This additionally influences the strength of kids. GIA has an incredible activity to make the general public a sound spot for living. Following legitimate sanitation and maintainable water accessibility is the basic role. This is trailed by the privilege to instruction for ladies and youngsters which make the whole methodology all the more captivating and promising. Expressions like improving administrative structures, making sponsorship frameworks for low-salary gatherings, and combining level mechanical structure have been very illuminating. These expressions obviously demonstrate the activity to be compelling over the long haul. Decentralization certainly strikes a chord while talking about force action words. According to the organization, endeavors are being incorporated for the ideal alteration to whole mechanical structure while accentuating unequivocally on the decentralization of the administration arrangement to irrefutably the city level. The term decentralization has more influence and viewed as more enhanced than other comparable important words like disheartening or disintegration. The whole activity to a great extent underpins the objectives and standards of Millennium Development Goal Number 7. It is centered altogether after engaging the ladies and kids with the correct sort of information while guaranteeing them a solid domain to grow up towards a more splendid and better future. Its everything about creation the world a more secure spot to live with maladies getting killed until the end of time. Lets hold hands to make the respectable purpose see achievement over the long haul. Its our reality; we have to improve it. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-74076906456724354472020-07-10T20:21:00.001-07:002020-07-10T20:21:03.068-07:00Tips For Online Paper WritersTips For Online Paper WritersThe best online paper writers are not just big names from the TV, movies or magazines. They are true professionals who deliver quality writing without any charge. Whether you need a report, a report of a short story, a newsletter, a letter, brochure, article, the best online paper writers offer you some tips and some inspiration to write the best writing. Here are some of their best tips for online writing.The first thing that online writers should consider is whether the paper is a long term project or not. Many online writers rely on blogs to keep themselves updated with news. But if the task at hand is a long term project, the online writer must think about rewriting or revising the paper to make it more useful and relevant. Keep in mind that it can take some time to rewrite an entire paper so make sure that your expectations are realistic. Some online writers may even provide a grant or more articles that will help you prepare your project.Online writ ers should be well prepared before they start writing. A word on the type of writing is always important so as to be able to tell whether you are up to the task. You can find people who may help you with this preparation by giving you some valuable advice. The best online paper writers are those who have finished some course in writing, and hence they have a lot of knowledge on this subject.Professionalism is also important for online writers because you cannot just help others, you must also show that you are a professional. You should be able to deal with both senior and junior level of writers and know how to approach them. The best online paper writers are those who are known as established and respected writers. It's not always easy to find these in the world today, but for the best online writers it is worth doing some research to find the best writers to assist you.The best online paper writers will help you create the entire manuscript. You can either do it yourself or you c an ask a professional to do it for you. If you are not very adept in writing, you can hire an online writer and ask him or her to write the entire manuscript.One last thing that you can do to help yourself is to look out for the best online writers who can help you with some tips. In fact, there are a lot of writers on the net who have already helped others with some good advices. You can also get some tips on what to do in order to write the best paper. There are also many good websites where you can get information on how to become a better writer. Some of these sites can also help you out to learn the art of writing in general and to become an online writer.These are some of the best tips for online paper writers. The best online writers are those who can help you with ideas and writing tips on what to do and how to do it. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-3514700202014723892020-05-20T01:18:00.001-07:002020-05-20T01:18:03.821-07:00The Teachings Of The Bible Essay - 1220 Words Every religion has itââ¬â¢s own set of rules that need to be followed in order to be considered a true believer which influences the thoughts of those considered to be religious. Should religion have the power to control the way someoneââ¬â¢s mind should work? No person should enjoy the thought of being controlled by another person or concept. It is only logical that everyone chooses to be the person they want to be but with religion influencing what can be done and what cannot, the concept of thinking for themselves goes away. Every religion has their own way of doing things. For example, Christians follow the Bible. Islam has influences from the Quran. Judaism follows the Torah. Buddhism follows spiritual ideas based on teachings from scholars. There are countless religious figures and religious teachings that people believe in. The Bible has Christians follow the ten commandments. The ten commandments are a set of principles Christians follow in order to be a true worshiper of God. The Quran is the religious text Muslims follow as their source of faith. The Torah is the written teachings from the five books of Moses. Buddhists follow the teachings from the Buddha. Accordingly, every religion has their own book to follow in order to worship a higher power. That higher power has control over the minds of those who follow their practice. The principles each religion has, influences how a person should think of something without giving them the chance to realize if it is morallyShow MoreRelatedThe Teachings Of The Bible933 Words à |à 4 Pagesto uncover to the teaching of the bible, the nature of Jesus Christ, or the purpose of his ministry. . The teachings of Jesus are seen through the bibles not directly but though different parables. In Jesus teachings, He uses parables to teach his people how to live their lives. He does this by comparing life on earth to the kingdom of God. To help people understand, he used examples of people in everyday life to base his stories on, so that the people to whom he was teaching could relate to whatRead MoreThe Teachings Of The Bible933 Words à |à 4 Pageslistening to other perspectives can not only be possible, it may be advantageous to increase oneââ¬â¢s knowledge. Rachel goes on to say, ââ¬Å"I believe in the basic teachings of the Bible with nothing added and nothing taken awayâ⬠(Abernethy, R. 2001). To have faith in the Bible one must be open to the growth of accumulated assimilations of its contents. The Bible alone holds many religious outlooks, we as Christians can learn from. By being closed off to other religious knowledge we are denying historical dataRead MoreT he Teachings Of The Bible983 Words à |à 4 PagesBorn in church, the Bible has become a law book and a testament of salvation for all. Reading the Bible helps me to uncover Godââ¬â¢s qualities through the human history and Christââ¬â¢s life. The reason for the Bible is to have viewpoints about how to receive salvation; however, most will consider their interpretations of the Bible in their own way without crediting inspiration from God. The Bible written for each person on Earth shows the divine grace and mercy of God towards others. Paulââ¬â¢s writings areRead MoreThe Teachings Of The Bible894 Words à |à 4 Pagespowerful bond so that we can get to know him better . The Bible is the account of God s action in the world , and his purpose with all creation .The Bible contains the message God desired . I believe that the Bible was written as a message to humankind to guide us in the right path to success. I believe the Bible is inspiration . It s inerrant and infallible meaning it s without error and unable to fail. The Holy Bible is the only accurate Bible from the word of God . It determines all the doctrinalRead MoreThe Teachings of the Bible506 Words à |à 2 PagesThe presence of God in our lives is needed more than we may acknowledge. It doesnââ¬â¢t take reading the Bible every day or going to church every weekend for us to grow closer to God. Knowing His word and expectations of us, keeping faith in Him, and praising Him is what will bring us closer to Him. The Bible teaches us many things, the way God created man, how the world was created, how we should live, the sacrifices God gave and many more things. The book of Romans teaches us that in creation GodRead MoreThe Bible And The Teachings Of Jesus1491 Words à |à 6 PagesWhat is suggested in the Bible and the teachings of Jesus? Whilst the bible does not specifically mention euthanasia, it does address closely related topics. Euthanasia is essentially killing out of mercy, hence the name ââ¬Ëmercy killingââ¬â¢. The bible tells us that we are not to murder (Exodus 20:13) and any form of taking a life is seen as killing. It says that we die when God chooses us to, and to murder is an attempt to deny God his right of appointing death. Therefore, ââ¬Ëmercy killingââ¬â¢ is going againstRead MoreChristian Life And The Teachings Of The Bible1243 Words à |à 5 Pagespersonal beliefs. I am a Christian since birth. So all Iââ¬â¢d like to talk about is Christian life and the teachings of the bible. Throughout my whole life, I have learned about spiritual things and what kind of spiritual things are in my ego. The spiritual values that I always have is love, hope, and trust. Love is an element that Christians value and have in their Christian mind and the bible says to love each other. I am doing my be st to understand this word throughout my whole life and it is theRead MoreThe Bible s Teachings On Sex1266 Words à |à 6 Pagesexactly one way for Christians to express their sexuality ââ¬â by staying abstinent until they got married to a person of the opposite gender. And then, you could have at it all you wanted. But what I wasnââ¬â¢t taught in Sunday School is that the Bibleââ¬â¢s teachings on sex have been interpreted in many different ways. I didnââ¬â¢t know that the early Christians actually started practicing celibacy because they were convinced the end of the world was near. No one told me that marriage wasnââ¬â¢t always defined and controlledRead MoreEffective Bible Teaching The Authors Discuss The Merits Of A Bible1338 Words à |à 6 PagesIn the book Effective Bible Teaching the authors discuss the merits of ââ¬Å"topic and themeâ⬠and how we can use this to help prepare a bible lesson verses an essay. In this section the authors argue the universal principles of good writing, speaking and teaching and what the different handbooks say about composing a good essay. There are several different writing options such as picking a topic and then narrowing it to a specific thesis. Or doing the complete oposite and picking a broad subject and thenRead MoreTeaching The Bibl e : Interview / Book Reflections1899 Words à |à 8 PagesJames Donley Teaching the Bible Interview/Book Reflections After speaking with Tarah, a Director of Childrenââ¬â¢s Ministry, I was able to glean a number of insightful critiques of todayââ¬â¢s childrenââ¬â¢s ministry. Between the reading from class and our conversation three topics stood out; the watered down childrenââ¬â¢s gospel, the tendency to always tell children the story without letting them experience it, and the overall structure of childrenââ¬â¢s lessons and childrenââ¬â¢s Bibles. Gretchen Wolff Pritchard wrote Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-5380538717297760292020-05-06T22:49:00.001-07:002020-05-06T22:49:12.371-07:00County Profile on Shasta, California Essay - 1866 Words Shasta is a county located in the northern California, and was established in 1850. The county was named after Mount Shasta and was derived from a name of an Indian tribe. Shasta County has a total area of 3,847.44 square miles reaching from the Sacramento Valley to the southern reaches of Cascade Range. This county is famous for its wonderful outdoor destinations. Many visitors were attracted by the countyââ¬â¢s natural beauty, numerous restaurants, and a variety of shopping areas. In this research paper, I will discuss about general demographics and socioeconomic status of Shasta County breaking down into age and ethnicities. In addition, I will also elaborate on the public health services and programs available to individuals in thisâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In addition, child poverty rate in Shasta County is 25.3%, which is 2.5% higher than the average percentage of children poverty in California. According to the UCLA 2011, Adultââ¬â¢s Health Profile, the percent total of uninsured citizens between ages of 18 to 64 inShasta County is 26.5%, which had uninsured rates above the statewide average of 26.4%. The total insured citizens in Shasta County estimated to be 75%, access healthcare coverage through Medicare, Medi-Cal (Californiaââ¬â¢s version of Medicaid for low-income people), employment-based insurance, or private health insurance. To be more specific, about 50.4% of total citizens are on employment-base insurance, 9.6% are under medi-Cal, and 13.6% are under other types of coverage. In 2014, U.S. citizens and legal residents will be required to have health care coverage. Therefore, those uninsured must have access to health care coverage in any way. The Medi-Cal Managed Care system for Shasta County is the COHS Model (County Organized Health System), also known as the Healthy Families Program. This programââ¬Å"administers a capitated, comprehensive, case-managed health care delivery system. This system has responsibilities for utilization control and claims administration and Medi-Cal covered health care services to all Medi-Cal beneficiaries who are legal residents of the countyâ⬠(Department of Health Care Services, 2009). This model has been shown to be the most efficient Medi-Cal managed care model for improving patientShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words à |à 1422 Pages Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia â⬠¢ Brazil â⬠¢ Canada â⬠¢ Mexico â⬠¢ Singapore â⬠¢ Spain â⬠¢ United Kingdom â⬠¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-35224644559495870272020-05-06T07:11:00.001-07:002020-05-06T07:11:53.107-07:00Alberta Human Rights Commission Question: Discuss about the Alberta Human Rights Commission. Answer: Introduction: Human Rights Association in Alberta came into existence in year 1968 under Mr. F.C Brodie (he was the secretary of Alberta Federation of Labour). In the starting time this association was suffering with a problem of lack of money but in 1971 the association got funds from Secretary of a state and became stable in year 1972. There were almost 200 members in the association by year 1972. Soon after the stability association was renamed to Alberta Human Rights and Civil Liberties Association (Alberta Human Rights Commission, 2017). The recent amendment made in Albertas human rights was on 11th December 2015. In the amendment it was made clear that gender identity and gender expression are protected so that people can be protected against these acts (Alberta Canada, 2014). Act covers all the human being residing in Alberta, including citizens and tourists of the state also. All of them are allowed to enjoy every human right which is written down in the act. Also it only applies to the person who respects the rights of other persons. This act does not cover the people having inhuman nature and also those who does not respect the human rights of other people. For example - terrorists, as they have inhuman nature and they do not respect the human rights of other people therefore they are away from their human rights (OHRC, 2017). Purpose and Overview The basic purpose of human rights in Alberta was to stop discrimination between people of the same state on basis of race, sex, color etc. The main purpose of the act is that it keeps every citizen of its state on same level either he is rich or poor. This act has bought a great change in Alberta and now here people feel safer and live more happily than they were before the advent of this act. Another purpose of the act is to make sure that all peoples of Alberta are given equal opportunity to earn for themselves and to live in a place and also to enjoy all the services which are for public in the country (Koshan, 2012). The main purpose of the act was to form Alberta Human Rights Commission. The commission was formed to carry out its function under the present act. The aim of the commission is to promote equality and to remove discrimination completely from the nation with the help of educating the people about their human rights which are given to them by the government (Ualberta, 2017). Key sections of human rights act in Alberta can be section 3 that is Discrimination re publications, notices this section talks about non - discrimination of people on basis of race, sex color, caste etc. (Cashra, 2017) . Section 16 that is Functions of Commission it talks about the functions of the human rights commission of Alberta and the main aim of the act was to establish the commission. Section 20 that is Who may make complaint under this section the people whose human rights are violated they can make a complaint against it. Section 21 that is Settlement of Complaint under this section the settlement of the complaints made under section 20 are there. Lastly section 22 that is Director power re complaint this section says that if the director feels that the complaint is without merit he/she can dismiss it. The enforceability lies down with all the people who are residing in the state of Alberta because these rights are available for all of the people of Alberta only. They are jointly liable for the enforcement of these rights (ACLRC, 2017) Employment related situations In a firm there were two employees X (male) and Y (female). Both of them were at same position in the office. They used to do equal amount work and their timing was also same. But Y was paid more than X. In the above case section 6 (qp.alberta, 2015) of the Human Rights of Alberta will be applicable which states that equal pay should be given to employees of both the sexes if they are doing equal amount of work. In the above situation rules and conditions stated in section 6 arent followed by the firm; as we can see that both X and Y was paid differently in spite of their same work done. Here we can see that there was clear discrimination on the basis of gender between both the employees by the firm. This is total violation of section 6 of Human Rights of Alberta. In a public bus the driver didnt allowed a black person to sit whereas all other people were allowed to get inside the bus. In that bus only white people were allowed to travel. In the above situation there is clear violation of section 4 of the Human Rights of Alberta which states that No one can stop anyone from using any public goods, services etc. till they are available for everyone on basis of caste, race, color, gender etc. But in the above mentioned situation the person was not allowed to sit in the public bus because of his color. There is a possible risk if the act is not properly followed. A complaint can be filed under heading Enforcement of the act from section 20 to section 45 against the person who is not following this act. And further actions can be taken by the courts in such matters. References ACLRC. (2017). Human Rights law in Alberta. Retrieved from https://www.aclrc.com/alberta-human-rights-commission/ Alberta Canada. (2014). Employment equity and human rights. Retrieved from https://www.albertacanada.com/business/invest/employment-equity-and-human-rights.aspx Alberta Human Rights Commission. (2017). Commission newsletter. Retrieved from https://www.albertahumanrights.ab.ca/Pages/default.aspx Cashra. (2017). The Alberta Human Rights Commission: fostering equality and reducing discrimination. Retrieved from https://www.cashra.ca/past-featured/alberta-hr.htm Koshan, J. (2012). The Alberta Election and Human Rights. Retrieved from https://ablawg.ca/2012/04/09/the-alberta-election-and-human-rights/ OHRC. (2017). Housing and Human Rights in Canada. Retrieved from https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/human-rights-and-rental-housing-ontario-background-paper/housing-and-human-rights-canada Qp.alberta. (2015). Alberta Human Rights Act. Retrieved from https://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/A25P5.pdf Ualberta. (2017). What are Human Rights? Retrieved from https://www.ualberta.ca/vice-president-finance/audit-and-analysis/human-rights-resources-training/about-human-rights/what-are-human-rights Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-83416072633230780532020-04-23T02:17:00.001-07:002020-04-23T02:17:02.855-07:00Social Construction of a Serial Killer Essay ExampleSocial Construction of a Serial Killer Essay Final Essay: Social Construction of a Serial Killer By: Kristin D. Cole Professor A. Major Deviance and Violence The social construction of a serial killer can consist of many different behaviors, thoughts, and actions that play out over time. A serial killer in my opinion is one who acts out on his or her impulses. Impulses that are usually made up of fantasies that the individual cannot separate from reality. Most serial killers come from abusive homes and experience traumatic events throughout their lives. I believe that due to these events and abuse serial killers can detach their self emotionally from not only their victims but from what society deems normal. ââ¬Å"A large number of serial killings are motivated by sexual urges, and with female serial killers, a large number of the killings are motivated by financial gainâ⬠(Hickey 1997, p. 27). There are many different theories and thoughts they may help to explain serial killers and there murders more in depth. For instance the social structure theory, a theory that focuses on individualââ¬â¢s socioeconomic standing. This theory explains that poor people commit crimes to try to further their financial gain along with their economic standing. I think that this theory explains a lot of criminal acts that occur. I do not think that this theory pertains to every serial killer since it has been shown that most serial killers are not motivated by financial gain. I do however think that it explains quite a bit about our female serial killers. Since a large majority of female serial killers are motivated by financial gain this theory falls right in place. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Construction of a Serial Killer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Construction of a Serial Killer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Construction of a Serial Killer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One female serial killer that comes to mind is the ââ¬Å"Black Widowâ⬠or Lydia True blood. Lydia was from Pocatello, Idaho and at the age of nineteen met and married land owner Robert C. Dooley. The couple shortly after being married welcomed a baby girl named Lorraine. Everything seemed well until the death of baby Lorraine, soon after her death Lydiaââ¬â¢s brother in law who was living with them died as well. Then in October 1915 Robert suddenly died as well from what was believed to be Typhoid. Two years after the death of her baby girl, brother-in-law, and husband Lydia married again. Within a year and a half her then husband William McHaffle died from what was thought to be complications of influenza. Being the quick mover that she is, Lydia at the age of 25, married again. Harlan C. Lewis, husband number three died four months into the marriage from what was suspected to be complications of gastro-enteritis. Next, would come Edward C. Meyer a ranch foreman from Pocatello, Idaho. Unfortunately, for him he would only survive with her for one month. Thankfully after four dead husbands someone finally took notice and tested the body where they found traces of arsenic. After they discovered that Edward was poisoned the rest of the bodies were exhumed and tested as well. All came back with the same answer, poison, even the body of her dead baby girl. Authorities went to arrest Lydia but she was long gone, living in Hawaii with her fifth husband Paul Vincent. Lydia was taken into custody and found guilty of all of the murders. She was sentenced to 10 years to life in prison. All of her killings seemed to be motivated by financial gain. Lydia took out life insurance policies on each and every one of her victims. With each husband her social status increased and so did her finances. This was a case where a girl that came from nothing used murder as a tool to get where she wanted to be. Even though the social structure theory does not cover all serial killers there are the exceptions. (Hickey) Another theory that is looked upon to explain serial killers is the social class theory. The social class theory is the thought that most serial killers fall into two classes the upper working class and the lower working class. Leyton, the author of ââ¬Å"Hunting Humans,â⬠then states ââ¬Å"that the killer starts to feel excluded from the class that he or she so desperately wants to joinâ⬠. p. 23) Leyton also points out that ââ¬Å"the killerââ¬â¢s perceived social status becomes a catalyst for murderâ⬠. The killers that fall into this theory want to feel power and control. This is why in most serial murders the victim is a female and the killer a male. Male serial killers will victimize women because they appear more powerless then other males. (Caputi 1989) I am sure that there are sexual motivations behind male serial killers choosing women as victims to. The social class theory is a theory that I feel describes most serial killers. Even if the cause is not being cast out or excluded from a group, the result is still the same. With most serial killers not all, they seem to prey on the weak. This is why a large amount of victims of serial killings are children, females, even homosexual men. The killer would not receive the same gratification from the killing if he did not feel empowered. I believe with victims such as these they probably begged for their lives or gave in to the killers demands quite quickly. This would give the killer the motivation, gratification, and fulfillment that he or she was searching for. The social process theory is another theory that states that criminal behavior is a function of the socialization process. The theory states that anyone regardless of race or socioeconomic status can partake in criminal activity. This theory explains aggressive criminal behavior through oneââ¬â¢s past or childhood. Albert Banduraââ¬â¢s book ââ¬Å"Aggressionâ⬠(1973) provides a lot of information that covers the social process theory. In earlier studies done by Bandura he noticed that boys that were especially aggressive had feelings of rejection from their fathers. What I gather from this theory is that children who experience violence and abuse within their home are more likely to grow u and act in the capacity. I strongly believe that children are a product of their environment. Even though I know of no father/son team serial killers, the fact that issues have always been handled in oneââ¬â¢s life through violence it only makes sense that they would continue that trend into adulthood. The neutralization theory is one the Matza and Sykes (1957) view as the process of delinquent youths becoming criminals as a matter of neutralizing heir personal values and attitudes as they drift between conventional behavior and illegitimate behavior. This theory states that illegal behavior or killing is almost a learned behavior that a killer can drift in and out of. Under this theory a serial killer will justify his killings as though he did a favor to society. An example would be a serial killer who only kills prostitutes. The killer would look at the p rostitutes as a drain on society and criminals who spread disease and have no respect for their selves. This is how the killer would justify his actions and he or she would truly believe that no harm had been done. Dehumanization is another process that serial killers use and falls within this theory. Dehumanization is the process of ridding another of the benefit of his humanity. The process in my understanding is the ability for one to separate a human from life. For instance Henry Lucas who admitted to multiple murders never wanted to know his victims names. If he was told the victimââ¬â¢s name by the victim he would quickly try to forget it. By the victim having a name he could not separate her life from her. It is almost like by her giving her name she had an identity and he would then not be able to commit the murder. This process seems to be a little deeper than the rest to me and has to take a very different mindset to understand. The social control theory is one that I truly agree with. The social control theory states that the fear of punishment is not enough to deter a criminal from committing crimes or for a murderer to not commit murders. Briar and Piliavin (1965) believe that the only true deterrents for any criminal act are society, family, and education. I think that religion might act as a deterrent as well, but thatââ¬â¢s me. Reckless (1967) has argued that ââ¬Å"youth can become isolated or insulated from criminal influences through what he terms ââ¬Å"containments,â⬠including a positive self-image; ego strength; high frustration tolerance; goal orientation; a sense of belongingness; consistent moral front; reinforcement of norms, goals, and values; effective supervision; discipline; and a meaningful social roleâ⬠. Hirschi in 1969 added four different elements to the social control theory. The four elements are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. People who have attachments to different organizations such as school or church are less likely to partake in criminal activity. People who have commitments such as marriage or careers are also less likely to partake in criminal activity. The same runs true with involvement and belief. If someone was involved in different positive activities the less likely they would be to commit a crime. Like I said before religion or belief I would think would be enough to make a person think twice before committing a criminal act or better yet never think about it at all. The labeling theory, the last of many theories that, we have gone over. The labeling theory is the theory that once someone has been in a prison or mental institution they will always carry that label with them. Before they could come out and start over there would be many hurdles that they would have to overcome due to a prior mistake. Lemert (1951) and Schur (1972) viewed negative labels such as ââ¬Å"ex-convict and mental patientâ⬠and noted that these labels could be psychological damning. Since these labels can be so hard for many to overcome they will just revert back to their olds criminal ways. Many of them mad at society and feeling unaccepted will look for ways to even the score. Sometimes unfortunately this will lead to murder or worse serial murder. All of these theories that we have explored can relate to one or more serial killers. Hirschi who seems to be coming up with new information and insights into the mind of serial killer just might provide new and innovative information. For right now no matter what serial killer falls under what theory I believe the only way to truly understand the mind of serial killer is to be one. Unfortunately for the many theorists that have study this subject that is an option that is just not available. On the other hand it seems to me that each one of these theories has opened a new door inside the life and mind of a serial killer. I think there will be many more advancements to come and hopefully one day we will truly understand and know what to look for before it occurs. References: 1) Eric W. Hickey (2009) Serial Murderers and Their Victims Published By: Cengage Learning 2) P. Jenkins (1994) Using Murder: The Social Construction of Serial Homicide Published By: New York: Aldine de Gruyter 3) Hickey, Eric (1997) Serial Murderers and Their Victims, 2nd edition. Belmont, CA: Published By: Wadsworth Read more: Serial Killers world, body, life, history, rate, time, person, Characteristics of Serial Murder, Characteristics of the Serial Killer http://www. deathreference. com/Py-Se/Serial-Killers. html#ixzz0d8Thiofd 4) Levin, Jack, and James A. Fox. Serial Murder. In Deadlines: Essays in Murder and Mayhem. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001. 1) Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-20524628001879334262020-03-17T05:00:00.001-07:002020-03-17T05:00:02.589-07:00How Baking Soda Works - Cooking ChemistryHow Baking Soda Works - Cooking Chemistry Baking soda (not to be confused with baking powder) is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) that is added to baked goods to make them rise. Recipes that use baking soda as a leavening agent also contain an acidic ingredient, such as lemon juice, milk, honey or brown sugar. When you mix together the baking soda, acidic ingredient, and liquid youll get bubbles of carbon dioxide gas. Specifically, the baking soda (a base) reacts with the acid to give you carbon dioxide gas, water, and salt. This works the same as the classic baking soda and vinegar volcano but instead of getting an eruption, the carbon dioxide fizzes to puff up your baked goods. The reaction occurs as soon as the batter or dough is mixed, so if you wait to bake a product containing baking soda the carbon dioxide will dissipate and your recipe will fall flat. The gas bubbles expand in the heat of the oven and rise to the top of the recipe, giving you a fluffy quickbread or light cookies. Waiting too long after mixing to bake your recipe can ruin it, but so can using old baking soda. Baking soda has a shelf life of about 18 months. You can test baking soda before adding it to a recipe to make sure its still good. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-59021564245040844862020-02-29T19:24:00.001-08:002020-02-29T19:24:02.798-08:00Artificial Intelligence in Facebook for Psychology- myassignmenthelp AI is the short form of Artificial intelligence. It is a process of giving the machine mostly computers the ability to almost reason like a human being (Cohen and Feigenbaum, 2014. 00). It is done through the use of codes in programming. One of the major languages known in this field is the Python programming language. AI has brought major boosts in the IT industry in the current world. There are very many applications using AI that are used on the websites and other social media Companies like Facebook. It uses human reasoning to respond to question which a person canââ¬â¢t even notice. AI has simplified a lot of things, and it is a great deal in the software development field. AI can be used in all fields, medicine, agriculture, technology and construction (Hutter et al. 2014. 80). The content, however, deals with AI being in the technology field most important in Facebook. Facebook is a multibillionaire company that has helped people in terms of communication and business. People all over the world can send messages to each other, and it takes seconds to send and receive. People have seen such a platform as an opportunity to improve their business in terms of marketing strategies. They are using it to sell and resell products and services. Some have earned a fortune from such a Company which has free registration. AI being introduced in such a Company can really help improve services to its customers and go on being the best social media platform in the World. There are various ways and fields in which AI can be implemented in Facebook. In such a platform, there is the need to have a support area where customers with needs can get their feedback within seconds. If there is something that people hate is a delay. An AI application are integrated into the platform, which will be replying messages and calls from the customers and give the immediate feedback. Thatââ¬â¢s is one of the major applications of the AI which can really boost such a company. In Facebook today, people log in through email, usernames and passwords. These methods are somehow not secure. The data in a personââ¬â¢s account should be protected because even the law states so. People can guess other peopleââ¬â¢s emails and passwords, get into peoples profile and take or see whatever they want. There is the AI application which is a face or eye recognition can be reinforced together with the speech recognition. The AIââ¬â¢s working together with the logins can make the platform more secure. There is an AI applications which is used to detect fraud. The information in the Facebook database for every user is important. Through the use of AI, if the application detects a login from a different locations, or any other suspicious thing, it can send an email or text to the original and known user to inform him/her. In case it was not the user doing such an action, there is a link to follow to increase the security of the account. When Artificial Intelligence is introduced and implemented in a Company like Facebook, there a lot of merits that can associate with such technology (Nilsson, 2014. 00). People using Facebook platform will always be served at a very fast rate without delay. AI are even faster compared to human beings, and still, they are developed using human reasoning. One AI applications can serve a great multitude of customers which is not the case to one support agent. Speed matters in social media platform. The platform will be user-friendly. One of the reasons why softwareââ¬â¢s and applications fail is that of user unfriendliness. If the platform if friendly, then the number of users increases. One of the important impacts of AI is security. All AI applications are highly secured. People need assurance that the accounts and data can never be available to another person at any given time. The speech recognition and the rest can make the Facebook platforms more secure compared to the use of p asswords.à There are a lot of advantages that come with AI application in such a Company (Russell and Norvig. 2016, 00). One, the number of customers served by the applications at a single time cannot be possible if one is using a support team. Their users will love the responses and time, and then more users will love the platform increasing the number of users which increases the profit margins. Facebook management will also not incur the cost of hiring thousands of employees to work as support teams hence reducing expenses. Facebook main problem is data security. Thatââ¬â¢s why people use their platform since they are assured their information is secured. AI helps in boosting the security level (Bond and Gasser, 2014. 00) There must be a demerit in everything since nothing is perfect. The applications can lead to unemployment, and sometimes they fail due to functionality error (Spiro, Bruce and Brewer. 2017, 00). In conclusion, AI in Facebook can act as a major boost for its growth. The Facebook platform can be secure and fast in service delivery. Unemployment can be a problem to the general public but an advantage to the management . Bond, A.H. and Gasser, L. eds., 2014.à Readings in distributed artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. Cohen, P.R. and Feigenbaum, E.A. eds., 2014.à The handbook of artificial intelligenceà (Vol. 3). Butterworth-Heinemann. Hutter, F., Xu, L., Hoos, H.H. and Leyton-Brown, K., 2014. Algorithm runtime prediction: Methods & evaluation.à Artificial Intelligence,à 206, pp.79-111. Nilsson, N.J., 2014.à Principles of artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. Russell, S.J. and Norvig, P., 2016.à Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Malaysia; Pearson Education Limited,. Spiro, R.J., Bruce, B.C. and Brewer, W.F. eds., 2017.à Theoretical issues in reading comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence and educationà (Vol. 11). Routledge. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-12086405815848780502020-02-13T12:10:00.001-08:002020-02-13T12:10:02.930-08:00Irish and Early American differences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsIrish and Early American differences - Essay Example Ireland again was called Ireland in 1922. English colonization of America started in 1607 and soon these were established throughout the Americas. English American colonies got enmity with Spanish American colonies in the fields of military and economy. Different sorts of colonies were established like charter, proprietary and royal colonies. These colonies were granted independence in 20th century after the American war of independence (Burke 56). Colonization of America was based on certain motives. There were economic, religious and political motives. English colonization of Ireland and then of America were two different experiences in terms of nature and type of people, land and religion. Greater emphasis on these aspects will be laid in following paragraphs. England sent its forces in 684 C.E to carryout raids on Ireland for booty and captives (Kenny 47). English colonization had an aim of supremacy over the complete island. It was very difficult for English rulers to keep contr ol over the entire Ireland. Edward Bruce of Scotland invaded Ireland in 13th century with the help of Gaelic lords against English lords but he could not succeed. This war resulted in devastation of human and animal life on the island. Irish lords regained control over their lost land ultimately (Burke 79). After the war, plague arrived in Ireland in 1348. English people suffered heavily as they were living in the villages and towns of Ireland. Gaelic culture and language again prevailed in the region after the disaster of plague. Therefore, English control got limited up to pale. Adoption of Irish language and customs by Hiberno- Norman lords helped in strengthening Irish hold over the land (Canny 580). After the plague, Norman lords always supported the local Irish people in political, economical and military conflicts with England. English lords faced many difficulties in holding the land and making Irish people captives for slavery. Henry VIII decided to conquer Ireland in 15th century. Kildare was the most famous Irish ruler in 15th century who was open in rebellion activities against the England (Kenny 55). Henry wanted to capture Ireland with a view to minimize the chances of any future rebellion activities and for avoiding any external aggression in future. After the hard and bloody conflicts Henry got control over the Ireland and by the end of 15th century, successfully made it a kingdom. English lords always faced hard time whenever they decided to convert catholic Irish to protestant religion. Brutal and difficult methods were adopted by King Henry but he could not succeed in converting the religion of Irish people. This policy of the king increased hatred in the Irish people against the English rule. Two periods of civil war in Ireland caused huge destruction to Irish catholic land owning class. Catholic followers of Irish land took a major rebel against English rule and killed thousands of Protestants. Crownwell re-conquered Ireland in 1649. This was the bloodiest conflict of Irish history. Land was confiscated from Irish Catholics and was handed over to British settlers. (Kenny 78-79) Irish hatred against English rule increased due to economic situation of the Ireland in 18th century. Agricultural products were being exported and domestic consumption such items were not allowed. Cold and dry spell of 1940 killed about 4 million people due to Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-72611598870898834882020-02-01T08:25:00.001-08:002020-02-01T08:25:02.645-08:00EUROPEAN ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsEUROPEAN ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT - Essay Example 383). In political circles of majority of states now one may observe the understanding of fallibility of idea of national separation and self-sustainability within the state borders, artificial separation of any state from the international intercourse. Integration processes get their legal implementation through the variety of agreements between states on creation of various unions and organisations. The European Union belongs to such organisations. Since May, 1st, 2004 ten more member-states has entered the European Union. The European Union is becoming the leading economic world centre, has sharply strengthening its political influence on the world scene, having united the states, which population is made nearby half milliard people. So, the European Union has expanded too far. No doubts that it has a lot of benefit for the European Union itself and for its member-states. But at the same time there are now too many conflicts of interest between the countries involved for it to be a successful economic entity. The fifth expansion of the European Union on May, 1st, 2004 was the most ambitious for the whole history of the Union taking into consideration both quantity of the joined member-states, and complexity, as new member-states are the countries with different and often various social and economic history. Since then it has already passed more than three years, and this term is sufficient to analyse short-term and mid-term consequences of the expansion for economic development of new member-states. The process of the last expansion of the European Union from the economic point of view had some prominent features. First of all, it was a joining of ten countries with essentially lower social and economic indices in comparison with the European Union-15 that proves a crucial opportunity of association for different by the level of development groups of countries not only on principles of free trade or a customs union, but Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-30189986246270000822020-01-24T04:48:00.001-08:002020-01-24T04:48:02.181-08:00College Hazing Essay -- College University Student Hazing Violence Hazing in universities across the nation has become an increasingly dangerous ritual that is seemingly becoming more difficult to put an end to due to its development into an ââ¬Å"undergroundâ⬠activity. Though a regular activity in the seventies, hazing, a possible dangerous act of initiation to a group, has now become an activity that is banned in thirty-nine states (Wagner 16). However, this ritual has not been stopped or become less severe. In fact it is becoming more dangerous. Since it has been banned, with many colleges imposing their own penalties against those participating in it, many fraternities and sororities have pursued this activity in an underground fashion. Since these groups have gone underground, some victims of these rituals have been injured and subsequently died. This is due to the ââ¬Å"hazersâ⬠not seeking medical treatment for the victims, for fear that they may be fined or charged by police or campus authorities. One estimate states that at lea st sixty-five students have died between the years of 1978 and 1996 from beatings and stress inflicted during fraternity initiation rites (ââ¬Å"Greekâ⬠26). Hazing has been defined in the Pennsylvania Hazing Law as ââ¬Å"any action or situation which recklessly or intentionally endangers the mental or physical safety of a student or which destroys or removes public or private property for the purpose of initiation or admission into or affiliation with, or as a condition for continued membership in, any organization operating under the sanction of or recognized as an organization by an institution of higher education. The term shall include, but not be limited to, any brutality of a physical nature, such as whipping, beating, branding, forced calisthenics, exposure to the elements, forced consumption of any food, liquor, drug, or other substance, or any forced physical activity which could adversely affect the physical health and safety of the individual, and shall include any activity which would subject the individual to extreme mental stress, such as sleep deprivation, forced exclusion from social contact, forced conduct which could r esult in extreme embarrassment, or any other forced activity which could adversely affect the mental health or dignity of the individualâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Pennsylvania Hazing Lawâ⬠1). The importance of this hazing situation is the fact that people are being injured, both physically and... ...itiation Remains the Most Secret of Campus Rituals ââ¬â and the Most Debauched.â⬠The New York Times Magazine 3 Nov. 1996 : 50. ââ¬Å"Former Student Wins #375,000 in Omega Psi Phi Hazing Suit.â⬠Jet 4 Aug. 1997 : 23. ââ¬Å"Greek Tragedies.â⬠U.S. News & World Report 29 Apr. 1996 : 26. Kempert, Jim. ââ¬Å"New Education Options Reduce Punishment for Greeks.â⬠National On- Campus Report. 12 Apr. 1999 : 12. Nuwer, Hank. Broken Pledges: The Deadly Rite of Hazing. Atlanta: Longstreet, 1990. ââ¬Å"Pennsylvania Hazing Law.â⬠StopHazing.org. 30 Nov. 1999. Online. Internet. 9 Dec. 1999. ââ¬Å"The Persistent Madness of Greek Hazing: Phychologists Provide Insight on Why Hazing Persists Among Black Greeks.â⬠Black Issues in Higher Education 25 Jun. 1998 : 14. Pudlow, Jan. ââ¬Å"Sour Note for the Marching 100.â⬠Black Issues in Higher Education 10 Dec. 1998 : 18. Ruffins, Paul. ââ¬Å"Frat-ricide: Are African American Fraternities Beating Themselves to Death?â⬠Black Issues in Higher Education 12 Jan. 1997 : 18. Schleifer, Jay. Everything You Need to Know About the Dangers of Hazing. New York: Rosen, 1996. Wagner, Betsey. ââ¬Å"Hazingââ¬â¢s Uses and Abuses.â⬠U.S. News & World Report 27 Jan. 1997 : 16. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-47414427681069350012020-01-16T01:11:00.001-08:002020-01-16T01:11:03.296-08:00Defining the Purpose and the Problem When Writing Proposals EssayINTRODUCTION When drafting a proposal for any type of changes in the workplace, it is important to define the purpose and identify the problem being addressed in the proposal. There must be a needed or desired change identified in order to begin the research and planning phases of the project. Once the desired change is identified, the request for proposal process can begin. This process is repeatable and interchangeable with all project and grant proposals. GENERAL INFORMATION Collecting project requirements is the first step in determining the processes to be used to meet those requirements. The stakeholders of the project should be identified and each groupââ¬â¢s individual tasks and boundaries identified. At the Government Employees Insurance Company (GEICO), efficient, accurate, and personal customer interactions are all part of the Service Departmentââ¬â¢s daily operating policies and procedures. As a major part of this operating strategy, change is often imperative to maintaining expected levels of efficiency and accuracy when servicingà insurance policies for GEICO customers. Service Agents are responsible for anywhere from 50-100 calls from policyholders per day. Developing a new system of self-service options for GEICOââ¬â¢s approximately 13 million policyholders nationwide help alleviate over-burdened call centers. In order to ensure that policyholders are able to complete needed transactions without a need to call a licensed agent, th e self-service system must include the same controls as the GEICO Agentââ¬â¢s systems. The duration of this system enhancement and development project will be no more than three months, beginning on August 1, 2014. Distribution of the system will be completed over the following two month period and will be fully on-line in all Regional Office Service Centers by January 1, 2015. Financial resources are unlimited, but will be approved at the discretion of the Approving Authority on a case by case basis. There will be a total of 22 participants in this system development project. The Regional Vice President in charge Region X as the overall Approving Authority for the project. All changes to the established project requirements will be sent via the Project Manager through her office for final approval. A Project Manager who is a current Team Leader / Supervisor of Employees is needed to oversee the project directly. This Team Leader will be chosen by the Regional Vice President. Updated monthly statistics through the month of June, 2014 will determine the best candidate for assignment to this project. In the interest of team integrity, the five Licensed Agents assigned to this Team Leader will be selected to serve as the Working Group of the project and will be pulled from regular floor duties for the duration of the project. This group will be responsible for providing performance and safety measures, system input requirements, and accuracy testing through periodic live reviews of the system. A five person Software and Systems Development Team (SSDT) of Information Technology Office Agents (ITOA) will be responsible for the creation of theà new Internet-based system. Taking inputs from the Working Group members, a system will be written and distributed to all GEICO Regional Offices upon completion of testing and final approval. In addition to the trained professionals assigned to this project, a small sampling of ten customers (Product Testers) from the Tucson area will be participating in the testing and improvement phase of the project to ensure simplicity and accuracy of use for the new system. These testers will receive no formal training on the new system. The only outside input provided will be a data entry sheet containing information for the customer to input / edit on training accounts to test the user-friendliness of the final interface before full distribution. These product testers will also be given satisfaction questionnaires throughout the duration of the testing period from October 1 ââ¬â October 15. The Product Testers will work from 8AM ââ¬â 5 PM, with a one-hour lunch break, Monday ââ¬â Friday. The Product Testers will be paid $600 (before taxation) at the end of the two week testing period. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS The Project Manager will report bi-weekly to the Approving Authority directly with performance updates and any changes to the project Scope. Updates to project objective statuses will be included. These objectives are: Develop a user-friendly policy management system. Test the new system. Identify bugs, inefficiencies, and needed control measures to be built into the new system. Implement needed changes and control measures. Develop a training model using a closed operating system with identical functionality as the production system. Train all employees to use the new system. Put the new system into operation across the GEICO organization. Release the self-service version to policyholders through GEICOââ¬â¢s website at GEICO.com Market the new process to current and prospective policyholders throughout the country. RECORD KEEPING Upon completion of the project, a final report (summary of all tasks), changes, and improvements to the original scope of the project is compiled and turned in to the Approving Authority and kept on file for three years in accordance with State Insurance Regulations. All documents and records kept throughout the creation and testing process will be collected, scanned for sensitive information, and all non-essential pieces will be destroyed. Essential project ââ¬Å"keeperâ⬠documents containing sensitive information and company procedures will be edited and stored with the final summary document for three years. EVALUATION CRITERIA Upon completion of the project, a final report (summary of all tasks), changes, and improvements to the original scope of the project is compiled and turned in to the Approving Authority and kept on file for three years in accordance with State Insurance Regulations. All documents and records kept throughout the creation and testing process will be collected, scanned for sensitive information, and all non-essential pieces will be destroyed. Essential project ââ¬Å"keeperâ⬠documents containing sensitive information and company procedures will be edited and stored with the final summary document for three years. CONCLUSION Through effective use of the Proposal and the Project Planning Processes, change can be implemented across any size organization effectively and efficiently. Accurate identification of the purpose and possible problems when writing a Project Proposal will increase the chances of efficient and effective change. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-18947420862045557702020-01-07T21:31:00.001-08:002020-01-07T21:31:02.719-08:00The Internet The Pros And Cons Of The Internet - 786 Words Before there was technology, we had to be taught by books and this limited our choices. Now with the power of technology we can expand our knowledge by using the World Wide Web. The technology has changed us so much, there is both pros and cons when there is a discussion about the internet. We can learn so much of what we can read on the internet. Which is great news considering most of us are using the internet. To prove my point we visit page 116 in the book The Shallows, the book supports our solution. Nicholas G. Carr discusses all about the internet in our generation and how we use it. He talks about the internet being beneficial for us to attain useful knowledge. He also discusses the cons of the internet in our generation. Thisâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Franklin had to learn his ABCââ¬â¢s first before he could read and write, luckily he had his mistress help him with that. Eventually she stopped being so nice and was more hostile if she saw Franklin trying to read. Fortunately he found other methods to succeed in his reading, it took him a total him a total of seven years to properly to read and write. Imagine how fast the process could have went if he could use the internet. Having the internet in his time would have been super beneficial to him. He said ââ¬Å"Mistress, in teaching me the alphabet, had given me the inch, and no precaution could prevent from taking the ell.â⠬ (Douglas, 54) He also said ââ¬Å"I succeeded in learning to read and write. ââ¬Å"(Douglas, 54) The last source to mention is a blog post by Scott Karp titled The Evolution from Linear Thought to Networked Thought. He discusses the reading online is more convenient than reading from a printed book. He compares how he does not read books anymore unless he goes online. He finds that clicking links online and reading blog post are more enjoyable than him reading something that is more linear like a book. The authorââ¬â¢s purpose is to call attention to reasons he prefers reading on the internet and attain information than reading a book. Unlike in Fredrick Douglas Narrative this is setting more for our generation. He quoted ââ¬Å"But the convenience argument seems to floatShow MoreRelatedPros and Cons of the Internet2810 Words à |à 12 PagesMinistry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakh British Technical University English Language Department RESEARCH PAPER Pros and cons of the Internet HUM 317 Spring 2008 Advisor: Balia Jalgasbaevna Jolamanova Done by Tikhonenko Christina Temirbekova Kamila Nadyrova Farida Supiyeva Nargiza Sagiyev Yerkebulan Group Friday 13:00 Almaty 2008 Acknowledgements We thank all people who helped us in this work, especially BaliyaRead MoreCons and Pros of Internet16245 Words à |à 65 PagesAccounting and Business Research, International Accounting Policy Forum. pp. 5-27. 2006 5 International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors Ray Ball* Abstractââ¬âAccounting in shaped by economic and political forces. It follows that increased worldwide integration of both markets and politics (driven by reductions in communications and information processing costs) makes increased integration of financial reporting standards and practice almost inevitable. But mostRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of the Internet795 Words à |à 4 PagesPositive and Negative Aspects of the Internet The new age of technology was born late last century in the form of the silicone chip. Since this early invention computers have progressed in leaps and bounds from the very basic early models to the now very complicated and very powerful computers of today. In between this growth the Internet developed into a mega market where billions of dollars are traded daily. It is a place where you can pretty much buy and sell anything you can think of. ButRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of the Internet1897 Words à |à 8 Pages The internet is a vast network of computers that connects many of the worldââ¬â¢s businesses, institutions, and individuals. It allows millions of people throughout the world to send and receive messages to each other, share information, and play games (Naughton 4). It was initially designed to aid the government and help people expand academically, but it is now becoming more commercialized and used in ways that it was not made for. The thought of the internet was first introduced in 1960 when theRead MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of Internet1258 Words à |à 6 PagesInternet has become new service for helping most of the time but, there are certain occasions where it becomes a nuisance The internet has become a very popular tool at the hand of every one who is a computer literate person of course, used mostly to get information, shop online and download files, music and so on. But while surfing the internet for appropriate or specific information, we often end up wasting time with unwanted jargons and reacting to scam. We shall discuss deeper into theseRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Internet Censorship1042 Words à |à 5 Pagescomes in many forms and for a lot of different reasons but when it comes to the internet, for the most part it is beneficial. It can provide security for sensitive material. The things that minors are exposed to can be limited. Also you can make sure that it is not used to cause chaos. Furthermore it would seem to be a beneficial part of online life. It can provide security for important documents and conversations. Internet censorship can help with cyber security when important information or secretsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Internet Privacy1309 Words à |à 6 PagesNow, the Internet is not only a way people access information, but also the net that connects them. People use it to communicate with friends and family, keep current events and shop online. The using of Internet sometimes involves personal data, triggers fraud and abuse. These are the reason people have laws to protect themselves. People now much more cherish their privacy, so the government takes the responsibility of establishing the Internet privacy law and develop them. However, the legislativeRead MorePros and Cons of the Internet Essay1138 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Internet is more popular today than it was years ago. As technology advances, the use of the Internet grows yonder and is an amazing addition in our lives. The Internet has been perhaps t he most outstanding innovation in the field of communication in the history of humanity. It is a global meeting place where people from all parts of the world can collaborate. Additionally, it is a service available on the computer, through which anyone who has access to the Internet can receive. The InternetRead More The Pros and Cons of Internet Chat Rooms Essays834 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Internet Chat Rooms Computers have affected our lives in so many ways. To the way we finance things, to the way we find our future significant other. The outcomes of computers probably happen with in the last five years, give or take some. It had made people become in love with being in a virtual world and new people. That now in ââ¬Å"realâ⬠life the people do not know how to act around not virtual people. In this report I plan to take a look at the pros and cons of meeting/talkingRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of the Internet Essay example1156 Words à |à 5 Pagesthese things is the internet and a common way it is misused is by way of plagiarism. Plagiarism is an act in which one person, in essence, steals the work of another and uses it for their own purposes (Cafferty, Serwer). It is an ugly act used these days for many purposes. Many students use the internet to get pre-written essays. Writers will use the internet for source purposes and forget to cite them or use parts of pre-written information. A student uses the internet to surf, looking Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-38535780470965420242019-12-30T17:56:00.001-08:002019-12-30T17:56:02.543-08:00The Gospel Of Wealth By Andrew Carnegie Essay - 918 Words Since the nineteenth and twentieth century, there has always been a division between the wealthy and unfortunate. During these times the higher class continued to prosper while the lower class remained at the bottom, the separation continues to grow. Three men vocalize their views on the social division, capitalism, and individualism. Andrew Carnegie, an industrialist, believed the rich should distributed their wealth to benefit society while theyââ¬â¢re alive. Carnegie elaborates this idea in his article, The Gospel of Wealth, written in 1889. Russell Conwell, a philanthropist, expresses in his speech, Acres of Diamonds, men should utilize their surrounding opportunities to make themselves wealthy. Edward Bellamy, a socialist, wrote Look Backward about a wealthy young man, Julian West, who enters hypnotic sleep in 1887 and awakes 113 years later. Although, the men state similar matters their views contrast, Carnegie and Conwell would most likely be critical to Bellamyââ¬â¢s vision. Julian West is educated and the third generation of his family to have great fortune. Westââ¬â¢s life of luxury succeed through ââ¬Å"support from the labor of others, rendering no sort of service in return (Bellamy).â⬠When West enters hypnotic sleep and awakes in 2000 he realizes the 20th century is very different from the 19th. Bellamyââ¬â¢s Looking Backward was vastly popular particular among the middle class. His vision is desired by the middle class because itââ¬â¢s better than todayââ¬â¢s world. Bellamyââ¬â¢s visionShow MoreRelatedAndrew Carnegie And The Gospel Of Wealth957 Words à |à 4 PagesAndrew Carnegie (1835-1919) is a prime example of the phrase, from rags to riches. During his early and teenage years, Carnegie went through poverty. After coming up with crafty investments and going through various jobs, he rose to great prosperity. Because he has experienced poverty and knows that it is a well-known problem, ââ¬Å"Carnegie sought to u se philanthropy to provide opportunities for individuals to help themselves.â⬠Unlike Carnegie, William Graham Sumner (1840-1910), an influential professorRead MoreAndrew Carnegie Gospel Of Wealth1161 Words à |à 5 Pages Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish immigrant, born in 1835. His first foray into the world of work was as a bobbin boy, at the age of 13, where he earned $1.20 per week. Carnegie quickly gained skills and proved his work ethic, until he landed a job with the Pennsylvania Railroad, and was promoted to superintendent by the age of 24 (Carnegie.org, 2015). From there, Carnegieââ¬â¢s vision and success grew exponentially, and now his name is often mentioned alongside the likes of Henry Ford, ThomasRead MoreThe Gospel Of Wealth By Andrew Carnegie1180 Words à |à 5 PagesWealth can be defined as a surplus. This surplus is distributed among a society. The distribution creates associations among the people of the society with respect to wealth. The Gospel of Wealth, written by Andrew Carnegie, describes two classes and the association of wealth between them. Adam Smithââ¬â¢s passage, Of the Natural Progress of Opulence, similarly, includes a reciprocal relationship of production between the town and country. Unlike the other essays, Marxââ¬â¢s, Communist Manifesto, debunksRead MoreAndrew Carnegie The Gospel Of Wealth Summary1044 Words à |à 5 PagesAndrew Carnegies The Gospel of Wealth: Why Now? Makayla Newberne, The Timesââ¬â¢ Editor in Chief In case you missed reading the June, 1889 issue of the North American Review, Andrew Carnegie submitted some words of wisdom entitled ââ¬Å"The Gospel of Wealthâ⬠. In this article, Carnegie shares his beliefs as to what the moral obligations of the wealthy are to their fellow citizens. Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish immigrate to the United States in 1848, is a self-made millionaire and agreeable one of the richestRead MoreEssay on The Gospel of Wealth, by Andrew Carnegie975 Words à |à 4 PagesIn the ââ¬Å"Gospel of wealthâ⬠, Andrew Carnegie argues that it is the duty of the wealthy entrepreneur who has amassed a great fortune during their lifetime, to give back to those less fortunate. Greed and selfishness may force some readers to see these arguments as preposterous; however, greed is a key ingredient in successful competition. It forces competitors to perform at a higher level than their peers in hopes of obtaining more money and individual wealth. A capitalist society that allows thisRead MoreAndrew Carnegie on the Gospel of Wealth1250 Words à |à 5 PagesAndrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland in 1835. His father, Will, was a weaver and a follower of Chartism, a popular movement of the British working class that called for the masses to v ote and to run for Parliament in order to help improve conditions for workers. The exposure to such political beliefs and his familys poverty made a lasting impression on young Andrew and played a significannot role in his life after his family immigrated to the United States in 1848. Andrew CarnegieRead MoreAdam Smith And Andrew Carnegie And The Gospel Of Wealth1260 Words à |à 6 Pagescontinuous disparity of wealth and income can cause constant economic problems within a society. Although it is not apparent all the time, there are few benefits of discrepancy itself such as individual wealth, capital, and labor. Both Smith and Carnegie have distinct beliefs about wealth that differentiate from one another, yet are similar in certain ways. Adam Smith confined all his ideas about the common man in his ââ¬Å"Wealth of Nationsâ⬠. Whereas, in the ââ¬Å"Gospel of Wealth,â⬠Andrew Carnegie had distinct beliefsRead MoreAnalysis Of Andrew Carnegie s The Gospel Of Wealth1950 Words à |à 8 PagesOld Money Spoils There are many dangers of leaving great sums of inheritance money to the children of those who accumulated their own fortunes. Andrew Carnegie, a self-made philanthropist millionaire who gave away $350 million and built 2,509 libraries before his death in 1919, sees this as a great problem as well and writes about it in ââ¬Å"The Gospel of Wealth;â⬠along with how he believes that the highest obligation of those who have amassed a great fortune is to return their money to the societies whereRead MoreEssay about The True Gospel of Wealth: Andrew Carnegie.698 Words à |à 3 PagesTrue Gospel of Wealth: Andrew Carnegie The True Gospel of Wealth, an article written by one of the richest, most powerful men of the 19th century, is a guide to a nation virgin to mass amounts of wealth, and power. Carnegie is a self made millionaire, who immigrated to the United States with less than a dollar in his pocket. This fact would serve important in Carnegies epic rise to fortune, also in developing such philosophical understandings as, The True Gospel of Wealth. Andrew CarnegieRead MoreJessica Avalos Avalos 1. Professor1114 Words à |à 5 Pagesindustrialist, such as Andrew Carnegie, there were many differences of opinions on the execution of capitalism between these industrialists and their workers. Andrew Carnegie expressed his ideas and views in article, ââ¬Å"The Gospel of Wealth,â⬠in which he outlines the duties of industrialist to better the life of their workers and community. On the other hand, a working man wrote ââ¬Å"A Work Mans Prayer,â⬠a sarcastic response to Andrew Carnegies ââ¬Å"The Gospel of Wealth,â⬠clearly against what Andrew Carnegie believes and Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-81337588473934418102019-12-22T13:43:00.001-08:002019-12-22T13:43:04.271-08:00Influence of the Media in the Anti-War Movement of the... During his testimony to the Senate Committee of Foreign Relations, John Kerry mentioned that in his opinion, ââ¬Å"there is nothing in South Vietnam which could have happened that realistically threatens the United States of America.â⬠In that same testimony, Kerry discussed that most people ââ¬Å"did not even know the difference between communism and democracy. They only wanted to work in rice paddies without helicopters strafing them and bombs with napalm burning their villages and tearing their country apart.â⬠The Fulbright hearings were an eye-opener to the millions of Americans who watched them. They convinced many that opposing the war and patriotism were compatible. The movement against the Vietnam War could be said as one of the greatestâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Similar to African Americans, women disliked the draft because it disenfranchised generation of young men from better opportunities. Moreover, when the Johnson administration employed the search-an d-destroy military in Vietnam, search-and-destroy became associated with negative connotations of Americans. On top of that, Operation Rolling Thunder introduced the application of napalm; this led many women in America sympathizing with the Vietnamese civilians. Women protested the use of napalm, a flammable weapon created by the Dow Chemical Company and used as a weapon during the war, by boycotting Saran Wrap, another product made by the company. Women mobilized to create several antiwar groups, such as Women Strike for Peace (WSP), and Another Mother for Peace; these groups allowed women to become proactive and paved the way for the liberation of women. Arguably the largest source of discontent regarding the Vietnam War came from the students. Students joined the antiwar movement because they were morally opposed to all wars and did not want to fight in a foreign civil war. The students had credibility in their disapproval, because most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote and therefore did not have a say in the direction of the war. The best-known national student organization for opposing the warShow MoreRelatedPopular Culture And Music Affect U.s. Public Opinion On The Vietnam War2148 Words à |à 9 PagesTo what extent did popular culture and music affect U.S. public opinion on the Vietnam War? I.B. Internal Assessment Chavez, Miguel History HL Port Chester High School Word Count: 2,131 May 2016 ââ¬Æ' Table of Contents Part A: Plan of Investigationâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Page 3 Part B: Summary of evidenceâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦...Page 4 Part C: Evaluation of sourcesâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦....â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Page 7 Part D: Analysis â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦....â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Page 9 Part E: Conclusionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Read MoreAmerican Presidential Election Vs. The President Of The United States Of America Essay1661 Words à |à 7 Pagesin 2016. Secondly, the media in both America and Canada has an extreme bias to put their own views forward and suppress that of the opposition, slandering any politician, especially Trump, who isnââ¬â¢t from the left wing. Not only is the media biased, but there is a small group of companies that have a monopolized these biases which we easily learn from the radio, television and internet. Finally, to emphasize the point of ideological diversity, I compare the recent movement in America, that I haveRead MoreEmerging From The Restrictive Culture Of The 1950 S Essay1765 Words à |à 8 Pagesculture of the 1950ââ¬â¢s, the counterculture of the 1960s challenged the prescribed n orms, roles and expectations of the previous generations that outcasted youth found restrictive and alienating. Baby Boomers retained the abstract goals of mainstream society; they sought individual freedom and opportunities for self-determination. But their vision of the American dream widened the traditional definitions of freedom to include bodily, psychological, and political freedoms. 60ââ¬â¢s counterculture disagreedRead MoreWho Has Access to the American Dream1152 Words à |à 5 Pagesendowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.â⬠Today the ââ¬Å"Dreamâ⬠is more of a struggle for success. For some itââ¬â¢s a fantasy while for others, it is a long term goal. The media defines society today, thus itââ¬â¢s only natural that it defines the American Dream, one which is no longer focused on freedoms or liberty, but rather money and success. The American Dream not only calls for financial success but also emotional successRead MoreIn A World Filled With Hate, There Are A Select Few That1884 Words à |à 8 Pagesthey believe in. For many years individuals have fought for the peace movement. People will go to extraneous lengths to send their message of peace. Some might ask what is peace, well as defined in a lecture on January 4th by Dr. Collin Macollough peace is and can be a variety of different things.â⬠Peace is an attractive concept, something that is openly discussed, even while preparing for war.Can be defined as ââ¬Å"the absence of warâ⬠ââ¬â implies that it is an irregular state o f affairs.Peace is a process:Read MoreControversial Themes in Black Popular Music Essay1767 Words à |à 8 PagesControversial Themes in Black Popular Music Controversial themes have always been explored in popular Black music. Because Black experiences influence Black mainstream culture (as with any culture), the social climate of historical eras influence how these themes are explored in popular culture, specifically in the form of music. The presence of controversial themes like racisms, sex and violence in black forms of music like the Blues, Ramp;B/ Soul, Disco, Funk, and Hip-Hop are shaped by the happeningsRead MoreWomen s Rights Movement : Lucretia Mott3104 Words à |à 13 Pagesthis gave women a financial status and freedom. Many women who were active in the abolitionist movement then became interested in the womenââ¬â¢s rights movement. Women were already discriminated because of their sex. Now some of these brave women wanted to help the African Americans gain their freedom and their right to vote as well. ââ¬Å"Female abolitionists sometimes faced discrimination within the movement itself, which led to their politicization on the issue of womenââ¬â¢s rightsâ⬠(National Womenââ¬â¢s HistoryRead MorePopular Culture at the Beginning of the 1960s Essay3766 Words à |à 16 PagesPopular Culture at the Beginning of the 1960s The early 1960s was a period of time where standard of living was rising and there was more consumer goods to buy and people were on higher wages so could now afford luxury items which they would of never thought of buying. The 1960s was a period of great change, particularly in the younger generation of people. A good quote from the Prime Mister at the time sums up the early 60s in a way which many would agree with, youveRead MoreStruggle for Black Americans: Civil Rights Movement Essay2552 Words à |à 11 PagesReconstruction, long before the civil rights movement would be headlining in the 1950ââ¬â¢s and 1960ââ¬â¢s. The struggle would not just be for freedom but also in terms of education and employment from the police brutality and general day to day discrimination. This abuse would compel individuals, such as the more famous Black civil rights leaders to launch efforts to assert their constitutional rights and improve their standing in society; through the use of media, that through time would be shown right inRead More The Myths of Vietnam Essay5554 Words à |à 23 Pagesversions of the Vietnam War and the antiwar movement began to develop even before the war ended. The hawks version, then and now, holds that the war was winnable, but the press, micromanaging civilian game theorists in the Pentagon, and antiwar hippies lost it. . . . The doves version, con trarily, remains that the war was unwise and unwinnable no matter what strategy was employed or how much firepower was used. . . Both of these versions of the war and the antiwar movement as they have come down Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-69662223428888795312019-12-14T10:13:00.001-08:002019-12-14T10:13:03.531-08:00Marijuana Legalization an Annotated Bibiliography Free Essays Colin Morris Ms. Morgan English 102-053 1 March 2013 Is it time for the Federal Government to Bud out of Statesââ¬â¢ Rights? : An Annotated Bibliography Cohen, Micah. ââ¬Å"Marijuana Legalization and States Rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Legalization: an Annotated Bibiliography or any similar topic only for you Order Now â⬠FiveThirtyEight Marijuana Legalization and States Rights Comments. The New York Times, 8 Dec. 2012. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Summary: This article starts off by asking a new question about the legalization of marijuana. It doesnââ¬â¢t ask whether or not it should be legal, but if the government should change itââ¬â¢s laws on drug enforcement. The polls show that in most of them polls, half of the pollsters believe that it should be left up to the states that have legalized marijuana to decide the laws. It concludes by stating that even though some believe it should be left up to the states, 49% of those people are still opposed to legalization. Analysis: This article makes some very interesting points that are not really brought up in a normal legalization debate. The issue of statesââ¬â¢ rights brings a whole new side to the debate. He also does a very good job of keeping his bias out of the article. There are some places in his writing where his bias could have shown but he kept it out. Cohenââ¬â¢s numerous polls do all come to one conclusion; not everyone believes marijuana is a bad thing. Those supporting the issue of statesââ¬â¢ rights could help turn the tide in this ongoing debate. What he lacks in this article is a way that pro-legalization leaders could use this new strategy to help their cause. A way to do this would be to show that there are average Americans who could have a say in this debate and not just stoners. Peterson, Bo. ââ¬Å"Legal Pot in South Carolina? DonAt Hold Your Breath. â⬠The Post and Courier. The Post and Courier, 13 Nov. 2012. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Summary: This article draws support from unions and civil rights advocates in the Charleston area. These groups all agree that South Carolina should follow with Colorado and Washington. But these groups are countered by senators who believe this issue not only has no ground, but has no chance of happening with this current legislation, due to itââ¬â¢s conservative nature. Analysis: Looking at this article as a South Carolinian, it just shows how for as long as I can remember, our state legislature has had a hard time getting anything accomplished. This article points out the ever growing gap between the people and the government in this state will be the main reason why marijuana will have a hard time being legalized. Bias is not an issue in this article, the writer addresses both sides and draws support from both sides. Even though this article has the general idea that legalization will not happen in South Carolina for awhile, the fact that there are people who think that it should happen, helps the cause as much as it can. Robillard, Kevin. ââ¬Å"Medical Marijuana Bill Unveiled in House. â⬠POLITICO. POLITICO, 25 Feb. 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Summary: In this article, a bill was brought before congress that would help lay out a plan for the government to eventually legalize marijuana. Oregon Democrat Earl Blumenauer did this in an effort to shed some some light on the federal pot policy. Surprisingly this bill has 13 co-sponsors. These sponsors happen to come from both parties, one is a Republican from California. Though his bill isnââ¬â¢t likely to pass, bills in New Hampshire, Illinois, New York and Maryland are expected to pass to make medicinal marijuana legal. Analysis: This article does nothing but give hope to the pro-legalization crowd. These bills that are circulating through various state Houses are nothing but good news. This writer does a nice job of bringing in people for sources who are actually close to the issue. One of these sources has the idea that medicinal marijuana could help troops with post-traumatic stress. That would be affective but would require a motion from not only people within legislature, but an idea could be to bring in some military execs to help back their claims. But the issue still remains that there are still people a lot of pro-legalization people who do not have a voice. But until there is one solid voice for this issue, it will not go anywhere in the House or the Senate. Pack, Lauren. ââ¬Å"Marijuana Summit Counters Legalization Movement. â⬠Dayton, Ohio Network News, Weather, Traffic, Sports. WHIOTV, 28 Feb. 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Summary: This article was on a regional marijuana summit in Ohio. This event brought in people from all sides of the issue, from the business, medical, education, law enforcement and government. Since there are 18 states that have legalized pot, Ohio is looking to push into that group. The usual arguments were brought up from the pro crowd, but the anti-legalization brought up a valid point, 10 percent of card holders in those states actually have a legit reason to have them, but 90 percent use them for headaches etc. But the summit came to the conclusion that if it is about business then they can support it. Analysis: This kind of summit is something that tends to be happening more and more across the country. These summits bring people together who can actually make a difference when the legalization issue comes up. What people donââ¬â¢t realize is that when there is an issue that needs attention all it takes is important people in numbers getting behind then. This kind of summit could actually help progress the pro-legalization cause. The smartest part of the way this summit is constructed was by bringing in people who held power in all parts of the local government. If this method was used across the country, the pro-legalization group would have a much better chance of succeeding. Ludwig, Mike. ââ¬Å"Is America ready to Legalize Marijuana?. â⬠Truthout. Truthout, 7 Feb. 2013. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. Summary: This article tracks another bill that is circulating from the House rather than the Senate. The democratic Rep. from Colorado is proposing a bill that would help lay out a plan that could start a motion to legalize marijuana within the next few years. Support is drawn from polls that are stating that slightly more than half of all Americans belief that adults should be able to purchase marijuana like they do alcohol or tobacco. The bill proposes to remove pot from the Controlled Substance Act. Analysis: This article like most others on the subject, gives marijuana users hope that one day they will not be discriminated. Seeing that there is more than one person in Congress trying to make this works makes users believe they can use freely soon. The more that I look into these articles, the more I find that there really are a good amount of people who actually want to make this happen. By bringing in the idea that we are spending too much money on the war on drugs, the argument for pro-legalization grows new legs. By laying out a plan for all of the money America could be saving, more people could gather around this idea that the debt that keeps going up, could eventually come down to a more manageable amount. Hale, Gary. ââ¬Å"What Is the Best Regulatory Framework for Legalized Marijuana? â⬠Baker Institute Blog. N. p. , 31 Feb. 2013. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. Summary: In this article, the writer addresses the issue of what exactly would be legal when it comes to the future of marijuana. It addresses the issue of the new business side as well Dispensaries would have to gather numerous permits and would rapidly increases in numbers in just a few months. But first the government would have to remove marijuana from the Controlled Substance Act. Until that happens, all of this talk is just speculation. Analysis: This article brings some new ideas to the table as well as some more roadblocks that are not normally talked about. With marijuana being on the banned drugs list, that is the largest hurdle that is left for marijuana to be totally legalized. Right now it is in the same category as LSD and heroine, some people would find that a little excessive. In my opinion marijuana does not even come close to being as dangerous as LSD or heroine. The writer does a nice job at keeping his bias out of his writing. He does an even better job at making hard to detect what side of the argument he falls on. But outside of that the article lays down so pretty interesting ideas that the pro legalization crowd could use in later arguments. How to cite Marijuana Legalization: an Annotated Bibiliography, Papers Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-79476735742004847922019-12-06T06:36:00.001-08:002019-12-06T06:36:04.841-08:00The Importance of Accountability free essay sample INTRODUCTION This essay will seek to explore the importance of accountability in a world where no-one and everyone is in charge. There are many different types of accountability that apply to government each of which empathises a different value such as legal, political, professional, managerial, financial and so on (Boston and Gill, 2011). Whatever the type there is a fundamental requirement in a democratic system for accountability at all levels of government, so that they act in ways that are broadly approved by the community. After all, government organisations are created by the public, for the public, and need to be accountable to the public. Accountability within governments means that there is someone within an organisation who can accept ââ¬Ëpraise or blame for a particular decision or action (Hughes, 2003). This easy will explore the importance of government accountability and reveal the expectations of citizens. The Debelle Royal Commission 2013ââ¬â¢ is the case study that is used in this essay; it reveals how simple procedural, communication and accountability failures by departmental staff can impact on the integrity of government departments. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Accountability or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ACCOUNTABILITY Businessdirectory. com defines that accountability is the obligation of an individual or organisation to account for its activities, accept responsibility for them, and to disclose the results in a transparent manner. CITIZENS ACCOUNTABILITY EXPECTATIONS A study by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (A Measure of Australiaââ¬â¢s Progress) in relation to peopleââ¬â¢s expectations in ââ¬ËDemocracy, Governance and Citizenship Progressââ¬â¢ reveals that the wellbeing of society can depend on factors such as the fairness of our political system, the health of our democracy and the confidence that people have in government and public institutions. A healthy and stable democracy needs citizens who care and are willing to partake in shaping the common agenda of society. Public trust in government fragile, further evidence of public disharmony has been from the public opinion polls that have provided increasing evidence that citizens trust in politicians and government is in decline. The Australian Collaboration reports a growth in government ââ¬Ëprotest partiesââ¬â¢ such as One Nation and the Australian Greens and political slogans such as ââ¬â¢Keep the Bastards Honestââ¬â¢ are all reactions to this mistrust. Better citizen engagement and participation procedures have been identified as measures that could reduce community anger and frustrations that promote benefits for both the citizens involved and the governments and authorities which serve them. GOVERNMENT ACCOUNABILITY Accountability is essential to the good of government and is one of the cornerstone values of a democratic society; it has become an ever increasing and important factor for governments of the day. Corruption and integrity scandals are media sensations which have toppled the careers of politicians and government employees. It is therefore in the governmentââ¬â¢s interest that all levels of government promote standards of professionalism, accountability and transparency. Leaders of government are responding to the concerns and demands of citizens, this has been addressed by both the former and current Prime Ministers. In April 2008, then Prime Minister Kevin Rudd stated in an address to senior executives and agency heads that the governmentââ¬â¢s agenda included ââ¬Å"rebuilding a culture of accountability across all levels of governmentâ⬠. Prime Minister Rudd identified the need for public servants to meet the expectations of the community, he discussed seven future visionary elements for the public service, which included ââ¬Ëstrengthening the integrity and accountability of governmentââ¬â¢. Current Prime Minister Tony Abbott has pledged that his government will ââ¬Å"restore strong, stable and accountable governmentâ⬠, with changes that will ââ¬Å"simplify the management of government business, create clear lines of accountability and ensure that departments deliver on the governmentââ¬â¢s key priorities. â⬠(Thornhill, 2013) The responsibilities of federal government are set out in section 51 of the constitution; the states have residual power to cover other areas of responsibility. Local governments are not included in the constitution; they are generally controlled through state legislation and are accountable to the state. There is an unavoidable overlap of responsibility between state and federal government, however federal power has the upper hand, financially due to vast funding capabilities and legally due to federal legislation over ruling state powers. There are state and federal accountability organisations and also extensive legislative powers to investigate all manner of corruption. These agencies operate both overtly and covertly utilising extensive powers to obtain evidence and uncover wrongdoing. The Independent Corruption against Corruption ICAC) in NSW choses to hold very public corruption hearings, the ICAC website media releases contains details of operations Jasper and Acacia in 2013 which revealed corruption within the mining industry involving ministers and members of parliament. This resulted in the ICAC making 26 several recommendations including accountability reforms to govern the conduct of NSW parliamentarians. The newly formed ICAC, the corruption watchdog in SA will conduct all of its hearings in private. The commissioner of the ICAC will determine what matters will be released into the public domain. Persons breaching the confidentiality of processes related to the ICAC face legal penalties under the ICAC legislation. Interestingly SA in 1972 was the first state to have an Ombudsman and the last state to have an independent body to investigate government corruption which opened its doors in August 2013. Corruption agencies however are expensive costing governments millions of dollars in funding. During the debates regarding the formation of an ICAC in SA former Premier Mike Rann remained unconvinced that it was a cost effective way to prevent or reveal corruption. He stated In other states, ICACs have been proven not to be a cure-all in upholding and maintaining public integrity in our government bodies, most of them cost tens of millions of dollars a year to run, spend far too much time investigating vexatious claims and are inefficient (Dornin, 20111). Achieving accountability can have some negative impacts, in a paper by Bovens in 2010 notions were raised that accountability obligations have progressed well beyond the point of diminishing returns and more accountability does not necessarily produce better government. Accountability overkill discourages innovative and entrepreneurial behaviours in public managers who get better at meeting requirements posed by accountability measures to the detriment of policy making and public service delivery (Bovens, 2010). ACCOUNTABILITY RESPONSIBILITIES FOR GOVERNMENT EMPOYEES The Royal Commission into Public Service Administration in 1979 (The Coombs Report) recommended improvements for accountability within the public service. The Howard government implemented legislation in 1999 for federal government, state and local governments throughout Australia soon followed with various legislation of their own, Singleton et al (2007). As in most employment institutions federal, state and local government employees are all governed by codes of conduct and or ethics. The Public Service Act 1999 (section 13), Public Sector Management Act SA 2009 (section 4) and the Local Government Act 1999 (part 4) are examples of the legal obligations of employees. Government departments are divided into two areas, by departments which contain other departments, branches and sections and by employment grading, classification or occupation. Actions, conduct and decisions made by government employees can be investigated or revealed through a variety of means such as citizen complains, complaints or reports by government employeeââ¬â¢s, revelations through internal and external audit processes or maybe through media attention or reporting. Investigative journalism has proven to be an incredible tool for shaming governments and their employees at all levels. Freedom of Interest legislation has been around for over 30 years, it was eventually introduced after 10 years of political and parliamentary debate after fist being mooted in 1972, Singleton et al (2007). It was seen as an important breakthrough allowing for the scrutiny of government and government information a measure to prevent secrecy and promote transparency. FOI requests are time consuming and costly, with applicants paying only nominal process charges. Today government departments generally fail to meet specific process related deadlines due to the ever increasing number of requests. Government employees are also legally required to report instances of wrong doing within government, a difficult and daunting task when you are an employee. Whistleblower protection legislation is aimed at affording a whistlblower protection from liability, dismissal and from being identified. As reported by the Australian Collaboration in relations to the protection of whistleblowers sadly, due to inadequate protection whistleblowers in total contradiction to the purpose of the legislation can and do face reprisals and punitive action. Interestingly, the Commissioner of the ICAC in SA has recently been appointed by the Attorney General to conduct a review of the operation and effectiveness of the Whistleblower Act in SA. The ICAC website invites interested parties to make written submissions, and adverts have also been recently published in the Adelaide Advertiser. Administrative Appeal Tribunals,, this is a tribunal process which can review a wide range of decisions made by government ministers, departments, agencies and other tribunals. It takes a fresh look at a decision and decides if it should stay the same or be changed. This process is independent of the person lodging the appeal or the organisation that made the decision There is a broad variety of accountability mechanisms available today in addition to what is detailed in this essay. Governments are responding to accountability demands releasing more and more information into the public domain also by utilising modern methods of communication such as blogs, twitter, and facebook to inform, discuss and engage with citizens. TYPES OF ACCOUNTABILITY There are many terms used to describe accountability relationships, two important types of accountability are the vertical and horizontal systems which govern the relationships within government Vertical accountability represents the system of power or hierarchy, when others are responsible or accountable to a person for a particular task, for instance staff within a department can be accountable to the departmental head, who in turn can be ultimately responsible to a Minister, Ministers are answerable to Parliament, and Members of Parliament are answerable to voters. Horizontal accountability sits more at an organisational level where people are more or less equal; this has developed more due to agencies interacting more with other bodies, communities and non-government organisations (Boston and Gill 2011). One way of coming to grips with the broad and various levels of accountability is for every public sector manager having a duty to be accountable upwards, outwards, downwards and inwards (Corbett, 1996). CASE STUDY, A FAILURE TO BE ACCOUNTABLE The following case study is an example of accountability, or rather a lack of it. This is an issue that developed within the Department of Education and Child Development (DECD). Arrogance, rigidity and suggested bullying tactics of staff within DECD contributed to a matter that could and should have been easily resolved. The events which resulted in the royal commission clearly identify how more effective communications and engagement with community groups can avoid high profile and costly inquiries that are embarrassing and damaging. In December 2010 a child in attendance at an Out of Hours School scheme (OSHC) revealed that she had been the victim of sexual abuse by an educator. The educator was swiftly arrested and charged by police, and was later convicted at court. Members of the school governing council were informed of events soon after the educators arrest and suspension; many council members were parents of children who attended the school. The council members felt that parents of children at the school had every right to be informed that a person employed at the school to care for children had been charged with a serious sexual assault. They set about on a course of action to release a letter to duly inform to the school community. In pursuit of this the council were misinformed, misguided, bullied and threatened during their interactions with DECD staff. Information provided by DEDC led the council and others to believe that they were legally prevented from releasing information to parents. The council made several requests for DECD to review and reconsider their decisions particularly when the educator was convicted, sentenced and named in the media. Council member Ms Danyse Soester (Ms Soester) led the councils campaign and endured obstacles including being turned away by eight law firms, a refusal of support by the legal aid commission and limited support from the Ombudsmanââ¬â¢s office. Throughout Ms Soesterââ¬â¢s persistence it has since been revealed that DECD assumptions and belligerence were from in-house discussions and decisions based on incorrect information and a limited understanding of the confidentiality processes surrounding sexual offence cases. DECD failed to seek any legal advice or guidance (Norvak, 2013). Over two years after the event the school community were eventually furnished with a letter providing them with information about the sexual assault. The determination and persistence of Ms Soester eventually led to this matter entering the public arena. It attracted much media attention and the then Minister for Education and Child Development Gail Portelisi was questioned in Parliament; unfortunately her responses were based on inaccurate information which caused further controversy and anger. Ms Portelisi after much pressure called for a Royal Commission. DEBELLE ROYAL COMMISSION, 2012-2013, REPORT OF INDEPENDENT EDUCATION INQUIRY On 1 November 2012, the Hon Bruce Debelle AO, QC was appointed by Minister Portelisi to inquire into the events and circumstances relevant to this matter. The terms of reference included a review of the circumstances, events and issues relating to the non-disclosure of the sexual assault allegations to the school community. The inquiry took seven months, ninety-eight persons gave evidence and more than 560 exhibits were gathered, the cost of the inquiry reached $442,695. Mr Debelle reported that DECD had failed to inform parents, failed to adequately manage the events throughout this matter, failed to provide correct and accurate advice, failed to obtain legal advice, failed to reconsider its position, failed to provide accurate information to the SA Ombudsman and the Minister, and that some tactics used in correspondence with the School Governing Council and its members were considered to be threats or at least a form of pressure. Mr Debelle made a total of 43 recommendations, he also identified how powerless and disadvantaged the council were having little procedural knowledge and no access to funds to support them in their quest. One of the recommendations was that funds be made available to ensure that community groups such as this can have access to funding if required (Debelle, 2013). The Debelle findings were eagerly awaited; DECD have provided a public catharsis, to help bring this public failure to an end. This is an important secondary effect after something like a royal commission (Bovens, 2010). The chief executive officer Keith Bartley publically apologised to school council members who tried to tell us we were wrong and whom we failed to heed and also to the parents and the particular school community at the centre of the report who should have been informed and were not, we apologise, (Norvak, 2013). Mr Bartley and other executive members have since resigned amid the fallout; other members of DECD face disciplinary action. CONCLUSION ââ¬ËAccountabilityââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëaccountableââ¬â¢ have strong positive connotations; they hold promises of fair and equitable governance, political officials and public organisations sometimes free ride on these evocative powers of accountability (Bovens, 2010) Accountability needs to be real and not just government promises and propaganda, there needs to be a continuous commitment to accountability and effective frameworks so that governments can respond to and manage the expectations that citizens have. Governments are no longer immune from scrutiny as they once were. Over the last decade in particular there has been a dramatic increase in accountability measures to ensure and promote greater integrity, transparency and accountability including promises for continued improvement from the former and the current Prime Ministers. To conclude this essay I include a straightforward quote by Behn (2001) ââ¬Ëthe managers and employees of any public organisation have been entrusted with something quite valuable ââ¬â with entrusting our mutual commitment to fairness. Thus, they have the responsibility to treat all citizens absolutely fairly. They ought to be held accountable for doing so. When they donââ¬â¢t, they ought to be punishedââ¬â¢. Word count 2,649 Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-29643555313996433402019-11-28T23:58:00.001-08:002019-11-28T23:58:04.049-08:00Polaroid Stories Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers Polaroid Stories I have never been to a live play performance before, but I have seen one on video. I loved it as though I was reading a great storybook; being able to stop at anytime and pick up where I left off, but I never thought about the relationship between the performers and the audience. Nor did I think of the impact of all of the aspects that deal with creating a play and giving a great performance. For my first live play I went to go see Polaroid Stories; a play I thought would not be so shocking to a first time audience member. I was wrong; this play almost literally looked me in the face and slapped me. The play had the look of a run down playhouse that had little funding and little direction, but I later pieced it together that they made it part of the play, and obviously you are not supposed to see those who are back stage directing. Additionally, I over looked the performers' costumes, the stage lighting, and set design; everything I took for granted. I thought I could see the props and everything that was strategically placed or used, but I missed them all. I was surprised at how these people in charge took the look of a run down playhouse and made it their stage. This was life on life's canvas and it was totally different from watching television. Everything became so tangible and real. For a moment I lost my self and really got into the play. I didn't think I was watching a group of people on a set acting for my entertainment, I felt I was actually watching life. As if I stepped out of my body for a moment and walked the streets seeing the life of these street kids. You can't exactly get that from television; your mind is constantly running when you watch this play. The fact that the stage was right in front of me does not compare to television. If I took one step forward I would have been on stage, if I wasn't already. One of the actors I felt breeze by me, and I could smell the smoke of another actor's cigarette. I kept having the feeling I was there, that the whole stage was really outside. The stage was the one aspect that kept me believing. The way everything was setup, the closeness it brought between the performers and the audience, and the sounds it created when the actors walked across it or banged on it. I felt apart of the stage and I guess that is why I felt so close to the action of the stories, and how I got lost in them. Going to this play was a new experience, but watching this play was a crash course in the emotion you can actually get from the way everything is setup. This new media had an impact on me that you can not get from television. And I've come to the assumption that you can save lots of money by going to good theatres like this, than by purchasing surround sound for television. You can hear the closeness with all the speakers you need, but you'll never get that tangible feeling as if the performers or the stage are really there. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-71401144395734436112019-11-25T07:32:00.001-08:002019-11-25T07:32:04.322-08:00Hindus Practice Many Rituals Collectively Known As Sansakaras Religion Essay EssaysHindus Practice Many Rituals Collectively Known As Sansakaras Religion Essay Essays Hindus Practice Many Rituals Collectively Known As Sansakaras Religion Essay Essay Hindus Practice Many Rituals Collectively Known As Sansakaras Religion Essay Essay Hindus pattern many rites jointly known as Sansakaras. These rites or sanskaras depict events in the life rhythm of a Hindu individual. Harmonizing to the ancient texts in Hinduism, most important events in the life rhythm include Birth, Marriage, and Death. These Are Explained as Follows: Mix Christianity presentation Initiation Birth: In Hinduism, birth of a kid is considered a spiritual ceremonial, and involves many rites. Some of the common rites, practiced by about all Hindus at the clip of birth of a kid, and their significance are discussed below. These rites initiate a kid into Hinduism and are jointly referred to as birth rites. The first 1 is Garbhadhana or Impregnation rites. This ritual includes a planned sexual intercourse, between a hubby and his married woman, performed in a certain manner, to gestate the best possible babe. The sex during Garbhadhana is non for pleasance but for developing a good or godly psyche in the uterus of the married woman. Garbhadhana is strictly religious, and is considered to be really indispensable. It is required to dwell the universe with good psyches. This is explained by Lord Krishna in Bhagavad Gita, Sexual activity aimed at making godly kids is every bit good as God Himself. balam balavatam caham A kama-raga-vivarjitam A dharmaviruddho bhutesu A kamo smi bharatarsabha I am the strength of the strong, devoid of passion and desire. I am sex life which is non contrary to spiritual rules, O Godhead of the Bharatas ( Hindu ) . Jatakarma is the ritual performed to welcome the babe into this universe. It is performed right before the umbilical cord is cut. In this ritual, male parent of the kid feeds honey to the babe and chant supplications or mantras in babe s ear. This ritual is supposed to increase the aptitude of the kid and spiritually assist him or her to take a long and healthy life. In add-on, it represents that the presence of the kid is desired and appreciated in the household. Namakarana, intending to give a name, is the rite in which the kid is given a name, which is meaningful and animating. A good name is really of import for the kid because its significance reminds him of a intent or an aim in life and inspires him to carry through that aim. By and large there is a get-together, in which, Sweets are distributed among household and friends after a name has been given to the babe. Mundan is the ritual where, first haircut of the kid is performed. In this ritual, all the hairs on kid s caput are removed and poured into the nearest holy H2O organic structure. The remotion of these hairs signifies the remotion of any lacks in the kid, and is considered to excite growing of the nervous system. Another induction rite, called as Upanayana, is performed for male childs in Hinduism. It is carried out right before the pubescence starts. This ritual marks the 2nd birth of the kid as he begins his journey of religious self-construction. In this ceremonial, the male child acknowledges his responsibilities towards his faith and his privileges ensuing from Hinduism. During Upanayana ceremonial, a sacred yarn is tied around the waist of the male child. This thread consists of three separate symbolic togss intending to, worship God, show love and regard to parents, and learn from the spiritual instructor ( Hindu ) . Although, a kid is born into Hinduism by assorted birth rites, a male child kid is once more initiated into the faith through Upanayana ritual. Christian religion on the other manus, has few important specific rites for birth. One common pattern in Roman Catholics is where the female parent goes to the church, certain yearss after giving birth to a kid, to thank God for a successful birth. By making this, she re-enters her spiritual community after gestation, and therefore this pattern is sometimes referred to as a purity rite. The most important ritual associated with birth is baptism of the babe. It represents the babe s beginning into Christianity. It is by and large performed from 0 to 6 months after the birth of the babe. It is by and large performed by the curate of the church, when he pours the holy H2O and says, I baptise you ( or, The retainer of God ( name ) is baptized ) in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit ( see Matthew 28:19 ) . Harmonizing to bible, baptism is a demand for redemption ( Mark 16:16 ; Titus 3:5 ) . Baptism pictures the decease and entombment of our old ego and our Resurrection to a new life in Jesus Christ as Romans 6 Tells us: Or do you non cognize that every bit many of us as were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into His decease? A Therefore we were buried with Him through baptism into decease, that merely as Christ was raised from the dead by the glorification of the Father, even so we besides should walk in newness of life. For if we have been united together in the similitude of His decease, surely we besides shall be in the similitude of His Resurrection, cognizing this, that our old adult male was crucified with Him, that the organic structure of wickedness might be done off with, that we should no longer be slaves of wickedness. For the decease that He ( Jesus ) died, He died to transgress one time for all ; A but the life that He lives, He lives to God. A Likewise you besides, reckon yourselves to be dead so to transgress, but alive to God in Christ Jesus our Lord. ( Romans 6:3-6, 10-11, NKJV ) ( biblestudy ) . This poetry and its description in biblestudy.org clearly demarcates that the wickednesss of a individual are forgiven and washed off by acquiring baptized because through baptism, the individual symbolizes that he is sorry for all his wickednesss but now he has complete religion in Jesus, and is willing to populate a good life under the shadow of Jesus Christ. Although, infant baptism is performed shortly after the birth of a kid, it can be compared to the Hindu induction rite of Upanayana because of the similar intents of the two rites. After baptism, a Catholic kid is regarded as a member of the church and a complete relationship is established between the kid and the church. Therefore, it is clear that like Upanayana, Baptism marks the beginning of spiritual instruction. Confirmation to baptism occurs when the immature individual can knowingly and freely choose Christian religion, ( 21 cite this ) . This happens at an age similar to the age of Upanayana ritual in Hinduism. For both these rites, a cardinal alteration takes topographic point in the life of the individual undergoing the ritual, and this alteration is considered a metempsychosis as a fresh individuality with new religion, responsibilities, and privileges. Harmonizing to Christianity, a individual can non achieve redemption without being baptized, and baptism can be considered as an induction towards redemption by taking a good life and following the way of righteousness. Likewise, Upanayana ceremonial in Hinduism is the induction on the route to spiritual instruction that finally leads to salvation through good karma. However, unlike baptism, Upanayana rite is performed merely for male childs. In add-on, if an grownup wants to change over to christianity Marriage Death Beliefs Hindooism Christian religion Decision Hindu Child Birth, Rituals Related to Hindu Birth, Hindu Birth Samskars. Hindu Religious Portal, Hinduism, Hindu Religion. Web. 08 Nov. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.religiousportal.com/HinduChildbirth.html gt ; . What Does Baptism SYMBOLIZED? BibleStudy.org: You Have Questions. The Bible Has Answers! Web. 02 Nov. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.biblestudy.org/question/what-does-baptism-symbolize.html gt ; . Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-71325345795791420602019-11-21T14:56:00.001-08:002019-11-21T14:56:03.445-08:00Supreme Court Decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsSupreme Court Decision - Essay Example The evidence culled through these text messages intercepted by the police, when considered, does establish beyond any doubt that the accused was indeed engaging in unreasonable activities, which jeopardized the lives of the innocent citizens. Thereby the initiation of the interception of the text messages of the accused by the police, considering the fact that the police was under an immense pressure to act in time, to avoid any further loss of life of the innocent citizens, was no way unreasonable. This act of the police when seen in the larger context seems totally reasonable. It does need to be mentioned that the ââ¬Å"trespass doctrineâ⬠facilitated by Olmstead v. United States (1928) if applied to the situation under consideration, validate the interception of Doeââ¬â¢s text messages by the police without invoking any violation of the Fourth Amendment Rights, as the police while doing so no way violated the essential dignity of the accused as a human and as a citizen. Besides, the two pronged test propounded in Katz v. United States (1967), when applied to the issue under consideration does nullify the appeal made by the accused. While exchanging the text messages associated with his illegal activities, the accused was no way exhibiting an expectation of privacy as he was well aware that he was exchanging these text messages with the intention to facilitate his unlawful activities, and thereby, through the exercise of commonsense, was well aware that such messages and communications would attract the well deserved attention of the law and order machinery. Doe was well aware that he was relying for the exchange of these text messages on the services sold by the local cell phone carrier, and in the light of United States v. Miller (1975), Doeââ¬â¢s rights were not infringed upon if the company as a third party, entrusted his text messages to the police, guided by the belief that it was its legal and constitutional duty to help the police. Beside s, Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-18278801308075327452019-11-20T14:52:00.001-08:002019-11-20T14:52:05.481-08:00What if Alexander Graham Bell Did Not Invent the Telephone EssayWhat if Alexander Graham Bell Did Not Invent the Telephone - Essay Example High-end communication devices at present are products of a gradual and consistent innovation of telephone to become cellular phones or the so-called wireless communication devices. Now, consumers are no longer satisfied with the primitive capacity and purpose of telephones or cellular phones which is to be able to hear and talk to important people. With the invention of Internet by Tim Berners-Lee, phones are now capable of surfing the Web, tracking locations, and capturing images. Now, we ask, would we have the kind of luxury and convenience in doing our everyday tasks if, first and foremost, no one invented the telephone? What if Alexander Graham Bell did not think of creating a magnificent machine that allows people to speak to people separated by geographical distance? Well, the answer might vary and would depend on probabilities, like other inventors in the likes of Joseph Henry, who invented the electric telegraph, or Thomas Edison, could actually thought of inventing the tele phone. A reluctant response might be that cellular phones are impossible to surface, and the Internet remains a mystery to the humanity. This essay attempts to present the possibilities if Alexander Graham Bell had never created the electric telephone, and highlights the importance of this invention to humanityââ¬â¢s history. ... Meucci, among other telephone inventors, was reportedly the first ââ¬Å"to have a functioning electric telephoneâ⬠which he attempted to patent (Meucci 9). Then there was Elisha Gray who was also regarded as the one who first patented the telephone close with Bellââ¬â¢s filing of patency in 1876 (Evenson 3). There were conspiracies regarding who really is to be credited for the telephoneââ¬â¢s invention, but the federal government credited Alexander Graham Bell for patenting the telephoneââ¬â¢s creation (Evenson 3). Alexander Graham Bell undoubtedly has been part of the pages of world history. Bell is a notable inventor, scientist, and teacher. Born on March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland, Bell was known for his pet name Alec (Feinstein 1). His contemporary, Samuel Morse, also invented a communication device, which was the telegraph, which enables the transmission of electrical impulses that result in dots and dashes (Feinstein 10). These dots and dashes represent the letters of the alphabet and can be interpreted using the Morse code (Feinstein 11). Although he received a patent in 1840, Morseââ¬â¢s electric telegraph had certain shortcomings. It did not cater the needs of ordinary people since it cannot be connected to their respective homes, and second, it was quite expensive. Feinstein wrote that, while the telegraph was a big leap towards the advances in communication, Alexander Graham Bellââ¬â¢s telephone ââ¬Å"truly conquered time and distanceâ⬠and ââ¬Å"create a world in which people were as close to each other as the nearest phoneâ⬠(19). 3.0 Period of Natural Science and Technology Early and late nineteenth century was a period marked by the fall of European and Asian empires and the rise of the German, British, American, and Japanese Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-15962353513194591492019-11-18T12:04:00.001-08:002019-11-18T12:04:03.593-08:00Business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 3Business strategy - Essay Example has conceded to the popular consensus that there is room for the larger iPhone in the world. This case study features iPhone 6/6+ product of the Apple Inc. and takes deeper analysis its business unit about the companyââ¬â¢s external environment, its competitive position, and the value-addition proponents. Porter (1985) asserts that there are three major categories of the generic strategies; cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. As for Apple Inc., the focused differentiation and cost leadership strategy are the best for the company in adapting to the competitive environment while implementing the value adding activities. The cost leadership strategy has been strongly pursued by the Apple Inc. in its continued efforts to ensuring successful competitiveness. The cost leadership strategy has enabled the company to be cost efficiency while ensuring sustainable development of the company. By pursuing cost the leadership strategy, the company has been able to determine the prices of its products and services at competitive prices. Nilsson and Rapp (2005) on the other hand states that when a company can sustain the profits above its expected income then the company can be termed as having gained the competitive advantage over its rivals. Apple Inc. Introduced the iPads to act as the more portable version of their range of the personal computers; an intermediate between the Smartphones and laptops. The introduction of the iPhone 6/6+ by Apple Inc. creates the impression of the companyââ¬â¢s continued adoption of the differentiation strategy. Capon (2008) asserts that differentiation strategy is the clever way for the business in the establishment of the large market share owing to the fact that buyers perceive the quality of the services or products in regard to the price. Apple Inc. has made sure that its iPhone possess its line of the applications that can be bought directly installed on the phone. The company has ensured that the iPhone Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-4321679284240150302019-11-16T00:36:00.001-08:002019-11-16T00:36:07.483-08:00Role of Metformin for Treatment of Type Ii Diabetes MellitusRole of Metformin for Treatment of Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus The role of metformin in the treatment of type II Diabetes Mellitus Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a sever inherited or acquired disease which occurs when either pancreas does not produce enough insulin, which characterises type I diabetes and it is most commonly diagnosed in children, or the insulin that has been produced does not get used by the body effectively, type II diabetes and therefore patients will have abnormally high level of glucose. Type II diabetes was previously called non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes (World Health Organisation, WHO website). The latest estimate of the number of diabetics worldwide in 2001 by the World health Organisation (WHO) is 171 million and this figure is likely to be doubled by 2030 (WHO website). A recent study conducted in the UK using the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) illustrate that the mortality rate is twice as high for patients with diabetes type II than those without it (Mulnier et al, 2006). The prevalence of type II diabetes is increasing rapidly both in the UK and worldwide. It has increased by 54% (from 2.8% to 4.3%) and the incidence has increased by 63% over the past decade (Gonzalez, 2009). In most of the cases Type II diabetes is associated with another disorder, obesity, (Krentz et al, 2008). Hence such high increase in the incidence rate for type II diabetes could be due to the increased rate of obesity over past few years as the life style of the population is generally getting poorer and 20% of the population is now obese (UK Obesity Statistics). Understanding and treatment of diabetes has advanced throughout the twentieth century and since insulin has been discovered, many antidiabetic therapies and oral agents such as, Sulphonylureas and Biguanides have been developed to improve glycaemia. Sulphonylurea was the first oral therapy to be discovered for diabetes. It is insulin secretagogues and hence it combats the abnormally high level of blood glucose but it also causes hypoglycaemia and weight gain as it can prolong insulin secretion (Warrell et al, 2006). Biguanides is a class of drugs that are considered antihyperglycemic agents. Metformin is a primary member of this class and it has surpassed sulfonylureas as the most prescribed oral antidiabetic drug in the UK and most parts of the world (Filion, 2009). Metformin is now the most popular treatment for diabetes type II as a study carried out using The Health Improvement database from 1966 to 2005 in the UK shows that only a small number of patients were treated with insul in and its use did not change significantly over the time of study period, in 1966 Sulphonylurea was the most common drug and metformin was relatively less common but by 2005 the use of Sulphonylurea had decreased remarkably and there had been a parallel increase in the use of metformin as a therapy for diabetes (Gonzalez, 2009). In 2006 the American Diabetes Association recommended it as the first drug of choice for patients. In the 15th edition of the Model list of Essential Medicine by WHO, metformin is one of the only two antidebetic oral drug agents (the other is glibenclamide) stated there (WHO, 2007). The other members of biguanides drug class are phenformin and buformin however these two drugs are no longer used in many countries because it carries a very high risk of lactic acidosis. Historical development: In medieval times, French lilac or Goats rue known as Galega officinalis was used as a remedy for intense urination associated with the disease that is now known as diabetes mellitus and the active ingredient in the French lilac that had blood glucose lowering properties was discovered as galegine or isomyleneguanidine, but later on it was discovered that this ingredient was toxic in the plant that caused death of grazing animals (Witters, 2001). In 1918, guanidine was discovered to be blood glucose lowering agent but then it was also found that it is too toxic to be used as a therapy (Foye, 2007). Whilst guanidine itself and some of its other derivatives were considered to be too toxic to be used for diabetes mellitus treatment, the biguanides, two linked guanidine, proved to be safe and effective for the treatment of diabetes (Witters, 2001). In the 1920s, in a search for these guanidine-containing compounds with antidiabetic activities, phenformin, buformin and metformin were discovered. Although they were known to have glucose lowering properties it was not until 1957 when these biguanides were tried on man and introduced clinically in Europe (Gottlieb Auld, 1962, Reitman Schadt, 2007). For the first time in a medical literature by Ungar et al (1957, as cited by Oubre et al 1997) biguanides were described as an efficacious new class of oral drug for the treatment of diabetes. Phenformin which is similar to metformin in structure was very popular in 1960s but in early 1970s it was found to be associated with lactic acidosis and by 1976 clinical studies proved that the hazards of phenformin treatment outweighed its benefits and therefore, phenformin and all the products containing phenformin were withdrawn by the Ministry of Health and buformin was also withdrawn from many countries for the same reason (WHO, 2003). Howe ver, metformin was proved to be safer and did not have same risk of lactic acidosis if appropriately prescribed, and it took another twenty years after a safe and effective use in the Europe until United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it for use in the United States (Reitman Schadt, 2007). Glucophage the trade name of metformin, formulated by a drug company called Bristol-Myers Squibb, was the first brand to be marketed in the United States (U.S. FDA). Metformin used to be only prescribed for diabetes but then studies published in European journal of clinical investigation 1998 proved that metformin can have a significant effect on reducing weight as well (Paolisso et al, 1998). Meformin has now been used for over 50 years and it has established to be first-line drug of choice for the treatment of diabetes type II, but to get its maximum effect in the anticipation to reduce insulin resistance, weight loss and also to contribute in the improvement of cardiovascular diseases,the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes strongly recommend to use metformin along with lifestyle intervention (Papanas Maltezos, 2009). Mode of Action/ Physiological Effects: Metformin is an antidiabetic oral drug that belongs to a class of drugs called biguanides. It acts by lowering the amount of glucose that liver makes on its own in the body hence it has antihyperglycaemic effects. It was licensed as antihyperglycaemic medication in Europe in 1970s, at that time there was only little known about the mode of action and its physiological effects on body. Despite metformin being in use since 1950s, its cellular mechanism of action is not definite. It primarily acts by inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver and hence it reduces the hepatic glucose output; it has also been shown to enhance glucose uptake in the muscles and improve peripheral insulin sensitivity (Ronco et al, 2008). Insulin is a very powerful anabolic hormone and it is involved in the synthesis and storage of glucose, lipid, and amino acid/protein. When blood glucose level rises, insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. As described by Gropper et al (2008) in their book, it stimulates the uptake of glucose by muscle cells and adipocytes, it also inhibits the gluconeogenesis by the liver to bring about an overall decrease in plasma glucose level. Insulin binds to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of muscle cells and adipocytes which initiates a cascade of second messenger system that stimulates the tubulovesicle-enclosed GLUT4 glucose transporters to be translocated to the plasma membrane. Insulin also activates the enzyme glycogen synthase and inhibits glycogen phosphorylase and together they help store glucose in the form of glycogen. Hence this way glucose is removed from the blood circulation and is brought to normal level (Gropper et al, 2008). The majority of individuals with type II diabetes are insulin resistant. They have plenty of insulin circulating but their body is not able to respond to it either by having defective or insufficient number of insulin receptors therefore, glucose cannot enter the cells resulting in increased level of plasma glucose. Pancreas continues to produce more insulin in an effort to lower the increased level of glucose and eventually when an individual can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the rise, type 2 diabetes develops (Kaufman, 2008). Figure 1shows an overview of antihyoerglycaemic effect of metformin in type II diabetes mellitus. Metformin has various metabolic effects on lowering the hyperglycaemia. It partially acts by improving insulin action and partially by non-directly insulin dependent effects (Krentz Bailey, 2005). Metformin suppresses the hepatic glucose output by decreasing gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and fatty acid oxidation and this is the most evident principal blood glucose lowering mechanism and it does so by mainly increasing insulin sensitivity (Krentz Bailey, 2005). In the skeletal muscles metformin increases the insulin mediated glucose uptake and glycogen formation (glycogenesis), it also reduces the fatty acid oxidation. These changes in the muscle cells increase glucose transporters to move to the plasma membrane surface so that glucose can enter the cells (Krentz Bailey, 2005). Another way in which metformin lowers hyperglycaemia is via increasing the anaerobic metabolism of glucose which produces lactate as a by-product and this contributes in lowering the amount of glucose available to move to the serosal side from the lumen, lactate is taken to the liver via portal system (Bailey et al, 2008). Another way in which metformin works independent of insulin action to lower glucose is via increasing the splancchic glucose turn over (Krentz Bailey, 2005). The effect of metformin on skeletal muscles and adipose tissues in improving glucose utilisation in them appears to work through improved binding of insulin to its receptors on the plasma membranes of these cells and therefore, metformin seems to be ineffective without some residual functioning islet cells (Porte et al, 2002). Metformin has no direct effect on insulin secretion in contrast to other antidiabetic drugs such as sulfonylureas, therefore it does not cause hypoglycaemia rather in clinical practice it shows anti-hyperglycaemic actions (Porte et al, 2002). The level of glucose throughout the day changes, it is typically higher after eating and lower in the fasting state. The fasting plasma glucose concentration is measured by the HbA1c test, HbA1c is a glycosylates haemologlibin that is glucose attached with hamemoglobin so the higher the concentration of glucose the higher the level of HbA1c ( Medline Encyclopaedia, 2009). A fasting glucose level lower than 6mmol/l or 7% is normal in non-pregnant individuals and an elevated level shows that either the patient is diabetic or the patient has impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance (Bupas health information factsheet, 2008; American diabetes association, 2009). It is important for type II diabetes patients to achieve normal or near-normal glycaemic control with their oral anti hyperglycaemic medications. There are numerous studies that show the effect of metformin decreasing the fasting plasma glucose level. Such as a study by Lozzo (2003), done on type II diabetes patients over 26 weeks with metformin increased the whole-body insulin sensitivity and that was likely to be determined by the reduction in HbA1c and body weight. A similar study done on patients with newly diagnosed Type II diabetes mellitus showed that adding metformin to insulin therapy effectively decreased the HbA1c level from 10.8 to 5.9% and 100% patients achieved an HbA1c less than 7% (Lingvay, 2007). Metformin has also been suggested to work by a biochemical pathway through activation of a protein kinase enzyme 5 adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Its activity is regulated by the depletion in ATP (Adenosin tri-phosphate) and raised level of AMP when energy demand increases, such as in a exercising muscle, thus it is a ââ¬Å"metabolic stress-sensing enzymeâ⬠that regulates the energy demand and energy production balance by modulating various metabolic pathways that bring about glucose, protein and fatty acid metabolism homeostasis (Hawley Zierath, 2008). In order for metformin to be effective in the inhibition of the production of glucose, activation of AMPK is required (Zhou, 2001). Kim et al (2008) published a study in 2008 that further described the mechanism of metformin through the activation of AMPK. This study was done on hepatocytes and it showed that through AMPK-dependant pathway metformin increased the gene expression of small heterodimer pa rtner, (SHP), SHP protein represses the transcriptional activity of a number of nuclear reptors including hepatocyte nuclear factor, and that in turn inhibits the expression of the hepatic gluconeogenic genes PEPCK and Glc-6-pase, these are the two enzymes that perform a key role in the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels and inhibition of these enzyme gene expression lead to the hepatic glucose production in vivo. Metformin has advantageous effects on atherosclerosis by decreasing Low Density Lipoprotein levels by about 0.26 mmol/L (10 mg/dL), whereas other oral agents appear to have no obvious effects on LDL cholesterol levels (Bolen et al, 2007). Recent prospective and retrospective studies confirm this drug not only being safe for its glucose lowering effects but also indicate its potential anti-atherosclerotic and cardioprotective effects (Scarpello Howlett, 2008). In the UKPD (United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study) a randomised trial on obese and overweight patients with initial metformin monotherapy showed a significant reduction in myocardial infarction and diabetes related deaths, it showed 39% decrease in heart attacks and 36% decrease overall mortality rate; metformin was found to be more effective than any other medication with regards to the strokes and overall mortality rate in overweight patients (Krentz Bailey 2005). Kooy et al (2009) investigated whether metformin had sus tained beneficial effects on metabolic control and risk of cardiovascular disease. After a follow-up period of 4.3 years it was found that metformin added to insulin in type II diabetic patients improved body weight, glycaemic control and it reduced the risk of macravascular disease. A 2007 systematic review evaluating antidiabetic agents and outcomes in patients with both diabetes and heart failure showed that metformin is the only antidiabetic agent that is not associated with harm in patients with heart failure and diabetes. In this systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies, two of three studies showed association of metformin with reduced all cause mortality and no association with increased hospital admissions. (Eurich et al, 2007) Pharmacokinetics The chemical name of biguanide isà 1-(Diaminomethylidene)guanidine (chemicalà formula C2H7N5) and it includes compounds thatà have biguanide structure. Figure 2 shows theà molecular structure of metformin that hasà biguanide structure with two methyl groupsà added on the amine group of the first carbonà atom therefore its chemical name beingà 1,1-dimethylbiguanide and chemical formulaà C4H11N5 (Porte et al, 2002). Metformin is taken orally so it has to pass through the digestive system in order to get into the systemic circulation. It is absorbed from the small intestine and does not get metabolised, under fasting conditions the Bioavailability of metformin ranges between 40%-60% (Foye, 2007). From the gastrointestine it gets completely absorbed after 6 hours of oral administration and after absorption it is rapidly distributed and in the plasma it is completely undetectable after 24 hours; the plasma concentration of metformin reaches its peak value within three hours of its oral administration (Papanas maltedoz, 2009). Unlike other biguanides such as phenformin the binding of metformin to plasma protein is negligible and therefore it does not seem to interact with highly plasma protein bound drugs such as sulphonamides and is excreted unchanged (Foye, 2007). Metformin does not get metabolised by the liver and therefore is excreted in the urine from the body as unmetabolised drug through the active tubular excretion and about 30% of an oral dose is excreted through faeces that may be unabsorbed metformin and that retain in the gastrointestinal tract (Porte et al, 2002). It has plasma half life of about 2 to 5 hours in patients with normal renal function but and renal function impairments may lead to retention of metformin in the blood plasma (Foye, 2007). According to Diabetes UK the daily dosage of metformin should be started from 500mg and then gradually increased to a maximum of 2550mg per day but it is entirely individualistic that it depends on the health of individual to consider what dosage is required. Generic metformin is sold in the form of tablets. A slow or extended release preparation of metformin (Glucophage XRà ®), introduced in 2004 can act over 24 hours, it has been designed to release metformin slowly over a longer period of time than standard metformin (acts over 8-12 hours) and so its half life is increased to four to eight hours. Timmins et al (2005), in their study on 16 volunteers with 1000mg standard metformin dose twice a day or 2000mg Glucophage XRà ® once a day, found out that the pharmacokinetics parameters are similar in Glucophage XRà ® to standard metformin, but Glucophage XRà ® it is evident to report fewer gastrointestinal side effects than standard metformin so patients who cannot tolerate standard metformin can switch to Glucophage XRà ® (Feher et al, 2007). Side effects and contradictions When prescribed appropriately the most common adverse side effects of metformin include a change in taste, nausea or vomiting, abdominal distension or gas, loss of appetite, diarrhea, skin rashes or urticaria, rare ââ¬â Lactic acidosis (Warrell et al, 2006). These problems are usually mild and occur in the first few weeks for taking the medication but it may discourage the patient from taking the drug, starting the medication in low dosage and increasing it slowly help reduce these side effects (Warrell et al, 2006). In clinical trial done on a total of 286 subjects, 141 were given metformin and the rest were put on placebo. This trial found that 53.2% of subjects who were given Metformin reported diarrhea in comparison with 11.7% for those on placebo, and 25.5% subjects on metformin reported nausea/vomiting compared with 8.3% for those on placebo (Drug Facts and Comparisons, 2005). Compared with any other antidiabetic oral drug metformin is most associated with gastrointestinal distress (Bolen et al, 2007). Phenformin was withdrawn from its theraputical use because of its association with lactic acidosis. Metformin which is similar in structure to phenformin has also been associated with lactic acidosis; however the risk associated with metformin is ten times lower than phenformin (Warrell et al, 2006). A case control analysis on the study population of 50,048 type 2 diabetic subjects using the U.K ââ¬â based General Practice Research Database found out that the rate of incidence of lactic acidosis per 100,000 person-years is 3.3 cases amongst metformin users (Bodmer et al. 2008). Lactic acid is a by-product of metabolism and it becomes toxic if it is not neutralised fast enough. Lactic acidosis associated with metformin is a very severe and potentially fatal condition that can be avoided easily if the drug is prescribed carefully (Fitzgerald et al, 2009). It arises by the mode of action of metformin, that is the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogensis- a process that consumes lactate, produced by glycolysis, continuously to produce glucose (Warrell et al, 2006). Adopted from Fitzgerald et al. BMJ 2009 In normal conditions during respiration glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules in the first step (glycolysis), in the presence of enough oxygen mitochondria oxidises the pyruvate into CO2 and H2O through Kreb cycle by the use of pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. But if there is not enough oxygen present, the mitochondria cannot oxidise all of pyruvate so this excess amount of pyruvate is converted into lactate by the lactate dehydrogenase and this lactate is then used in the process of gluconeogenses in the liver. (Fitzgerald et al, 2009; Nicks A, 2009) As shown in figure 3, at site A metformin decreases the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase and the conversion of pyruvate into CO2 and H2O, therefore at site B it enhancing the anaerobic metabolism even in the presence of enough oxygen and resulting in the increased production of lactate and as metformin inhibits the process of gluconeogenses in the liver, the lactate is not used up and is built up to the toxic extent. Lactic acidosis is the built up of lactate level in the blood (usually >5 mMol/L). (Nicks A, 2009; Fitzgerald et al, 2009) As indicated in figure 3, lactate is excreted 70% by liver, 5% by kidneys therefore liver or renal dysfunctions lead to the retention of lactate and hence to a severe form of lactic acidoses even in the absence of metformin and because metformin is excreted by kidneys if kidneys do not function properly then metformin builds up and hence the severity of lactic acidosis is even greater (Misbin, 2004). The most common contraindications to the use of metformin in people with type II diabetes are renal and liver dysfunctions, congestive heart failure and advanced age, âⰠ¥ 80 years, and the mortality rate of lactic acidosis is close to 50% (McCormack et al, 2005). But although heart failure has long been known as a contraindication for metformin use a systemic review 2007 showed that metformin is the only anti-diabetic drug that is not associated with any harm in patients withheart failure Eurich et al, 2007). A Medline searched review on the evidence for the use of metformin in the presence of these contradictions concludes that metformin treatment alone does not result in lactic acidosis unless other contributing factors exist as well (Tahrani et al, 2007). However if ingested in toxic doses or in the presence of renal elimination impairment, lactic acidosis does occur (Fitzgerald et al, 2009). The renal function of patients using metfomin should be regularly monitored. It showed be withdrawn if there is any disturbance in the renal function found. Figure 4 shows the current recommendations on contraindications and guidelines for the withdrawal of metformin. Metformin dose should be reviewed if serum creatinine level is greater than 130 à µmol/l and a cut-off serum creatinine level above which metformin should be stopped is 150à µmol/l (Fitzgerald et al, 2009). It should be withdrawn during suspected tissue hypoxia that is a condition in which body tissues are deprived of adequate oxygen so cells are forced to respire anaerobically. Patients aged greater than 80 years are at greater risk because they are more likely to have heart problems and kidney or hepatic dysfunctions and patients should be more careful about their alcohol intake while they are on metformin because alcohol can seriously harm liver and that can lead to lactic acidosis (Tahrani et al. BMJ 2007). Metfor min should be withdrawn before any radiographical procedures involving iodinated contrast and should remain discontinued until after three days as this contrast dye may temporarily impair kidney function and cause the retention of metformin indirectly leading to lactic acidosis (Thomsen andMorcos, 2003) ââ¬Å"Review dose of metformin * If serum creatinine is >130 à µmol/l or estimated glomerular filtration rate is Stop metformin * If serum creatinine is >150 à µmol/l or estimated glomerular filtration rate is Withdraw metformin* * During periods of suspected tissue hypoxia (such as myocardial infarction, sepsis) * For three days after use of contrast medium that contains iodine * Two days before general anaesthesia *Reinstate when renal function stabilises Contraindications * Renal dysfunction * Congestive cardiac failure needing drug treatment * Hypersensitivity to metformin * Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis * Impaired hepatic function Precautions * Age >80 years until renal dysfunction ruled out * Acute myocardial infarction * Radiological studies involving iodinated contrast * Surgical procedures * Alcohol intake â⬠Salpeter et al (2003), in a system review considered 194 studies published between 1, 1959, and March 31, 2002 that evaluated metformin mono therapy or in combination with other treatments for at least one month, in data from these 194 studies there were no fatal or nonfatal lactic acidosis cases found in 36,893 patient-years in the metformin group or in 30,109 patients-years in the nonmetformin or placebo group. It also did not find any difference in lactate levels in metformin therapy and placebo or other non-biguanide therapies. This systemic review concluded that there is no evidence to support association of metformin therapy with increased risk of lactic acidosis or increased lactate level compared with other antihyperglycemic treatments provided that the drugs are prescribed in a suitable dose and all the contraindications are taken into account. Another side effect to the use of metformin is that when it is used in long term it is associated with malabsorption of vitamin B12 (Ting et al, 2006). Combination with other antidiabetic drugs Metformin monotherapy works well with life style interventions in type II diabetic patients but when Type II Diabetes is not controlled with Metformin monotherapy adequately it is often combined with other antidiabetic drugs to maximise its effect. The combination of metformin with rosiglitazone as a single product is known as Avandame, itwas approved by the FDA in October 2002 for the treatment of diabetes and although it has not been appraised by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) yet it is often prescribed to patients with type II diabetes who fail to control their glycaemia despite the maximum dose of metformin (Diabetes UK, 2009). The active constituent of Avandamet, metformin and rosiglitazone,have different mechanism of action complementing the action of each other. The tolerability profile of Avandamet is similar to that of metformin, it is more effective in terms of lowering the HbA1c level than metformin or rosiglitazone (Wellington, 2005). Pooled data from two double-blind studies that involved 550 patients randomised to be given metformin with rosiglitazone or placebo patients were divided into obese, overweight or non-overweight. Patients from all groups improved their level of HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) to a clinically important extent but the greatest improvement was found in the obese group, these patients improved their glycaemic control, beta cell function and insulin sensitivity with the addition of rosiglitazone to metformin than those who received placebo/metformin (Jones et al, 2003). Metformin can be combined with glyburide which is a member of sulphonylureas and it acts by enhancing insulin release from the cell of pancrease. The combination of these two drugs is proves to be successful in improving the glycaemic control in patients with type II diabetes Studies, such as sixteen week multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 4-arm and parallel clinical trial study (Chien et al, 2007) that involved a total of 100 Chinese patients with type II diabetes and out of which 76 were randomly given metformin 500mg, glyburide 5mg, glyburide/metformin 2.5 mg/500 mg or glyburide/metformin 5.0mg/500mg. After 16 weeks, those who received a combination of both drugs had a greater decrease in both fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c compared with those who received either metformin or glyburide. Insulin therapy alone sometimes fails in patients for the treatment of type II diabetes so metformin can be added to improve the sensitivity of insulin and this combination of two drugs results in superior glycaemic control compared with metformin or insulin alone and it also minimizes the weight gain in insulin therapy ( Wulffele et al, 2002). Continued use of metformin after insulin introduction patients with type II diabetes not only reduce weight and improve glycaemic control but have beneficial effect on cardiovascular outcomes (Kooy, 2009). Addition of pioglitazone to metformin is another combination for the treatment of type II diabetes, this is shown in double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial done by Kaku (2009), compared with metformin monotherapy patients who received pioglitazone plus metformin improved their HbA1C by mean 0.67% and they significantly improved their fasting glucose level and other important markers such as free fatty acids, adiponectin and HDL, that are linked with increased insulin resistance and cardiovascular risks. Metformin can also be combined with other antidiabetic oral agents as a triple therapy for diabetes type II. In a study which was supported by Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 365 patients who were given metformin/glyburide treatment prior to a 24-week double-blind treatment were either assigned to rosiglitazone or placebo while carrying on with metformin, 40% of those patients who received rosiglitazone in addition to metformin/glyburide were able to achieve final HbA1c less than 7.0% and this study concluded that combination of rosiglitazone to metformin/glyburide is ââ¬Å"an effective therapeutic strategyâ⬠for those who are unable to control their glycaemia and this treatment is beneficial for lowering HbA1C and fasting plasma glucose levels (Dailey et al, 2004). Who should be treated? Metformin is a very effective antihyperglaecamic drug for patients with diabetes type II and the American Diabetes Association (2006) recommended it as the first drug of choice for patients. Metformin is a preferred treatment for obese diabetics. In most of the cases Type II diabetes is associated with another disorder, obesity (Krentz et al, 2008). Obesity increases the risk of developing type II diabetes and many antidiabetic drugs increase body weight whereas, metformin demonstrates a significant weight loss in type II diabetic patients, Golay (2007) in his review on summarising the effect of metformin on body weight confirms that metformin has been shown to induce weight loss in nondiabetic obese patients, although long term studies on these patients are very rare. Therefore patients with obesity and on the risk of developing diabetes type II should start on metformin. Metformin is also effective with regards to strokes in obese/overweight patients i.e. those on the risk of developing diabetes. UKPD showed a significant reduction in myocardial Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7815071809312915117.post-60041070368398167122019-11-13T13:06:00.001-08:002019-11-13T13:06:04.756-08:00Tumors or Lesions to the Hypothalamus Patient :: Neurology Neurological Papers ResearchTumors or Lesions to the Hypothalamus Patient The Hypothalamus is a small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus. It has widespread connections with the rest of the forebrain and the midbrain. Partly through nerves and partly through hypothalamic hormones, the hypothalamus conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones (Kalat, 2003). Any type of damage to a hypothalamic nucleus, such as tumors or lesions, may lead to abnormalities in one or more motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, fighting, or activity level. The exact cause of hypothalamic tumors is not known. It is likely that they result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In children, most hypothalamic tumors are gliomas. Gliomas are a common type of brain tumor that results from the abnormal growth of glial cells, which are a type of cells that support nerve cells. Gliomas can occur at any age but they are often more aggressive in adults than children. In adults, tumors in the hypothalamus are more likely to be metastatic (resulting form the spread of cancer form another organ to the hypothalamus) than they are when they occur in children. Peter Heage, of Colorado, was diagnosed with a hypothalamic brain tumor. He said that he was having headaches too often, and they were different from most headaches he had in the past. He would forget things, and then forget more often. He said he had a vague feeling that something just wasnââ¬â¢t right. One day he had a seizure while he was at work. After seeing his physician, he told him that he had some of the common symptoms of a brain tumor. Brain tumors have a variety of symptoms ranging from headache to stroke. Seizures may be the initial manifestation of a brain tumor, and eventually as many as 30% of patients with brain tumors will develop seizures. Gradual loss of movement or sensation in an arm or leg may occur. Unsteadiness or imbalance, and double vision may occur, especially if it is associated with headache. Loss of vision in one or both eyes Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12918981112842410827noreply@blogger.com0