constitutional law Essay -- essays research papers

establishmental LawMarbury v. Madison     Marbury v. Madison, one of the first Supreme Court cases asserting the power of judicial review, is an effective purpose for this power however, it lacks direct textual basis for the decision. Marshallmanaged to get away with this deficiency because of the silence on manyissues and the vague wording of the constitution. During the early testing period when few precedents existed, there was much debate aboutfundamental issues concerning what was intended by the words of theConstitution and which part of government should have the net word indefining the meaning of these words. Marshall used the Marbury case toestablish the Supreme Courts place as the final judge.          Marshall identified trio major oppugns that needed to be answered before the Court could rule on the Marbury v. Madison case. The first of these was, "Has the applicant a right to the commission he demands? " The Constitution allows that "the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, . . . " (Art. II, 2). The Judiciary Act of 1793 had devoted thePresident the right to appoint federal judges and justices of thepeace there is no dispute that such an appointment was within the scopeof the presidents powers. Debate arises because the Constitution issilent on the exact time at which the appointment is consideredcomplete. The Supreme Court ruled that "when a commission has beensigned by the president, the appointment is make and that thecommission is complete, when the seal of the United States has beenaffixed to it by the secretary of state." This ruling does not havedirect constitutional support, but it is not an unreasonable decision.          The second question which Marshall addressed was, "If Marbury has a right, and that right has been violated, do the laws of this countryafford him a remedy?" The answer is logically yes although there are no proper(postnominal) words in the Constitution to support such an answer. Based onthe type of government intended by the Constitution, the government isexpected to protect various(prenominal) liberty. As Marshall says, "Thegovernment will certainly cea... ...urthermore,the president also was not in a position to allow the federal governmentmore permissiveness in interpreting their powers. He does not make any laws ofhis own and has no power to settle any questions of the states. Clearly,the Supreme Court was the branch that could close to easily facilitate thestrengthening of the national government into an effective and unifiednation rather than thirteen independent countries as the states hadseemed under the Articles of Confederation.     Critics will aver that the people do not elect the Supreme CourtJustices and therefore the Supreme Court should not h ave the power ofjudicial review. As McCloskey points out, "No institution in ademocratic society could become and remain potent unless it could counton a solid block of public discernment that would rally to its side in apinch." Clearly, the Supreme Court is ultimately responsible to the willof the people. By maintaining independence from politics, the Justicesavoid the major problems of political parties and ships company platforms.Furthermore, the Supreme Courts small size allows the Constitution tospeak with a unified voice throughout the country.

the supernatural effect in Macbeth :: essays research papers

The SupernatualThere was a strong role of a supernatural force in Macbeth. The witches supposedly had a power to see the future. Or maybe they had the power to change the future. Then there was the three ghosts that predicted the future. And of course the bloody dagger that appears to Macbeth before is going to commit his first murder seems a slim too coincidental to not be supernatural. The Three Witches argon the strongest of the supernatural powers in the play. Although they speak of the future, they do not seem to affect the course of it. They are the agents of fate because they only speak of the truth of what will happen. There is one line in the play that has the most supernatural effect. Fair is soiled and foul is fair. The theme that foul is fair and fair is fowl has the biggest supernatural pullThe Witches do not predict that he will commit murder to buy the farm king but only that he will become king. For example, they all hail Macbeth as king by saying, All hail, Macb eth, that shalt be king time to come Even if the witches werent there, Macbeth would have somehow become king because of fate. The Witches know how he will get to be king and it would be fair to ascertain Macbeth, but they follow the fair is foul policy. The Witches have the biggest affect on Macbeth because they are the ones who are delivering these fair prophesies. When the Witches prophesize that no man born from a charrs womb can defeat him, he feels invincible. However, Macbeth does not realize that Macduff was born unnaturally.Lady Macbeth is affected from the theme as well as Macbeth is. She fancy that becoming Queen would make her happier but she later feels that life is not worth living. She says, Naughts had, alls spent, Where our desire is got without content. Tis safer to be that which we disgrace Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy. After murdering Duncan and becoming Queen, she wants to have her old life back or die than to be where she is. Because of her i mpetuous ambition to be Queen, her life is ruined. Lady Macbeth constantly taunts her husband for his lack of courage and that he is too full o th milk. But in public, she is able to act nicely as a skilled and superior person.

In this study I will be comparing the 2 poems, To Autumn and Ozymandias

In this study I will be comparing the 2 rimes, To fall and Ozymandias. I have chosen these two poems because out of the 4 that we have looked at, I have found these to be the most interesting.In this study I will be comparing the 2 poems, To Autumn andOzymandias. I have chosen these two poems because out of the four thatwe have looked at, I have found these to be the most interesting.Ozymandias revolves more around time than nature, whereas To Autumnrevolves around nature more than time.Ozymandias is on the surface a nice little tale of a big bad man whomade a statue that has been destroyed. However if you probe at it, yourealise that it is actually all about time and nature destroyingeverything. I shall go into this further later.To Autumn would, at first base glance, seem to be simply about Autumn andhow it is the close-bosom friend of the maturing sun but if you lookin detail at the words used you goat see that there is an underlyingtone that is far more grim.Both poems have both rhyme and rhythm. In Ozymandias, there are 10syllables per line, buy food one, where there are 11. In To Autumn,there are also, about 10 syllables per line. As a result the rhythm inboth is pretty constant. As well as rhythm, they have rhyme. InOzymandias, the rhyme is the end of lines 1 & 3 & 5, 2 & 4, 6 & 8, 7 &10, 9 & 11 & 13, and 12 & 14. In To Autumn the end of all lines ineach stanza do rhyme with at least one other, in this way 1st & 3rd,2nd & 4th, fifth & 9th & 10th, 6th & 8th, 7th & 11th. This pattern isrepeated in each stanza.Ozymandias is simply a big single stanza To Autumn however is a poemwith 3 stanzas. But these do not really seem to flow together. Theyrather seem to be almo... ...zymandias negotiation more about the strength of time, whereas ToAutumn talks about how Nature, and in particular, Autumn are forcesthat provide much in the world.If you are someone who doesnt class a poem as a poem unless it hasrhyme, rhythm, poetic language, sound patterns etc, the n you are farmore likely to prefer To Autumn, because it is much more the poetspoem than Ozymandias. I personally prefer Ozymandias, because it has big(p) power. Although it doesnt have much in the ways of standardpoetic tools, it does have rhyme and rhythm, as well as a deep andstrong message.Self-Criticism - non enough actual comparison, too much just talkingabout the poem.- Used the words think and believe to oftenIs that even a word?- It doesnt read well, it jaws, I have obviously just looked at what to write and written about it just like that.

Adult Students: Recruitment and Retention :: Education Learning Essays

full-grown Students Recruitment and RetentionHow to attract and retain adult students is an enduring question for providers of adult education. Adult students must(prenominal) juggle competing demands on their time from study, family, work, and other commitments their learning goals are often different from those of educational institutions and providers and their needs and aspirations may change during the education offshoot, sometimes as a dissolver of it. This Brief reviews recent research related to adult student recruitment and retention and provides guidelines for recruiting and retaining adult learners. Adult Students and PersistenceAdult students interest and persistence in educational activities ranging from adult literacy to doctoral chopines is a complex phenomenon involving an array of factors. Adults are often affected by situational factors beyond their controljob, wellness problems, financial problems, level-headed problems, personal or family problems (Belzer 1998). Likewise, dispositional factors such as expectations, self-esteem, level of family support, and past educational experience, can be barriers to participation (Hubble 2000). Institutional factors such as red tape, architectural plan fees, scheduling, and procedures can either help or hinder participation (Quigley 1998). In fact, adult students who drop stunned are often really stopping outthat is, interrupting their studies but planning to return (Frank and Gaye 1997)or attending other institutions (Hoffman and Elias 1999). RecruitmentAdult participation is shaped by access to program nurture recruitment should be viewed as a multistep process of drawing people into programs rather than motivating them to sign up for a single style (Bond, Merrill, and Smith 1997). That process begins with promotional information to prompt participant contact it continues with a prompt response to initial contacts, providing details by phone or print, and inviting potential participants to a local anesthetic information session. Follow-up on initial contact is crucial one study of adults who contacted literacy programs found that the most common source for non enrolling was not getting a call back (Long 2001). Promotional materials should be inexpensive and eye-catching. They should provide basic information that speaks to potential participants--for example, Its fun, its free, its local and theres care with child bang (Bond, Merrill, and Smith 1997, p. 9) and they should stress the nonschool nature of programs. Program information can also be provided in face-to-face contacts-knocking on doors in local neighborhoods or staffing an information booth at a community fair (Lankard, Nixon-Ponder, and Imel 1995), on the shop floor (Hellman 1995), or in neighborhood churches, unions, or humankind services agencies (Gerardi and Smirni 1996).Adult Students Recruitment and Retention Education Learning EssaysAdult Students Recruitment and RetentionHow to attract and re tain adult students is an enduring question for providers of adult education. Adult students must juggle competing demands on their time from study, family, work, and other commitments their learning goals are often different from those of educational institutions and providers and their needs and aspirations may change during the education process, sometimes as a result of it. This Brief reviews recent research related to adult student recruitment and retention and provides guidelines for recruiting and retaining adult learners. Adult Students and PersistenceAdult students participation and persistence in educational activities ranging from adult literacy to doctoral programs is a complex phenomenon involving an array of factors. Adults are often affected by situational factors beyond their controljob, health problems, financial problems, legal problems, personal or family problems (Belzer 1998). Likewise, dispositional factors such as expectations, self-esteem, level of family sup port, and past educational experience, can be barriers to participation (Hubble 2000). Institutional factors such as red tape, program fees, scheduling, and procedures can either help or hinder participation (Quigley 1998). In fact, adult students who drop out are often actually stopping outthat is, interrupting their studies but planning to return (Frank and Gaye 1997)or attending other institutions (Hoffman and Elias 1999). RecruitmentAdult participation is shaped by access to program information recruitment should be viewed as a multistep process of drawing people into programs rather than motivating them to sign up for a single course (Bond, Merrill, and Smith 1997). That process begins with promotional information to prompt participant contact it continues with a prompt response to initial contacts, providing details by phone or print, and inviting potential participants to a local information session. Follow-up on initial contact is crucial one study of adults who contacted li teracy programs found that the most common reason for not enrolling was not getting a call back (Long 2001). Promotional materials should be inexpensive and eye-catching. They should provide basic information that speaks to potential participants--for example, Its fun, its free, its local and theres assistance with child care (Bond, Merrill, and Smith 1997, p. 9) and they should stress the nonschool nature of programs. Program information can also be provided in face-to-face contacts-knocking on doors in local neighborhoods or staffing an information booth at a community fair (Lankard, Nixon-Ponder, and Imel 1995), on the shop floor (Hellman 1995), or in neighborhood churches, unions, or human services agencies (Gerardi and Smirni 1996).

English Term paper -- essays research papers

1984 is a novel of great influence. The novel illustrates some concepts of life in the future through the knowledge of the past. The descriptive theories within the novel ar familiar in basic context when we look into the society of today. The author George Orwell has projected an image of the future through the knowledge of his lifetime, which is not out-of-the-way(prenominal) transfer reality. The novel talks most the social movement to a world of unbearable proportions, which takes the idea of security to the limit. A feeling of helplessness is bestowed upon the tribe as the government scrutinizes their every move. The government has created a society of fear, and people automatically fall into line for they cannot escape the eyes of Big Br opposite who is watching them. more of the major concepts outlined in detail in the novel are applicable to life in the twenty-first century. The author has defined concepts for several areas, which he perceived the world would progress towards. Orwells prophecies as illustrated in the novel 1984 are fulfilled in todays society.One of the major prophecies that Orwell outlines in his novel is the idea of the telescreen which can watch anyone at any time this is a reality in todays society. One of the major connections that Orwell makes about the telescreen of 1984 and todays society is that you could spy on people. The telescreen might be the most closely compared to microphones and cameras, but on that point are also many other devices that can be easily used for spying. Within the area of the telescreen anyone could be watched as well as heard, which closely links to the inspection of today, except people are a little more naive. Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it moreover, so as long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he could be seen as well as heard. in that respect was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment.(Orwell, 6) The notion that Big brother is watching you from the novel is not that far off. In fact cameras are being installed all over the place for security reasons, but you do not know who is watching you and what kind of individualised information you are giving away. No matter how far our contemporary world may seem to 1984s Oceania, any suggestion of government surveillance of its citizens--from the thre... ...clearly outlines several theories of his within the novel, which have come true in modern day. George Orwells first prophecy is about a piece of technology, which we can preferably easily relate to modern day because it is quite like a television or a communication device such as a camera or microphone. This was important since it was one of the main ideas of his novel, relating to spying, and it has begin quite prominent within our society as well as in the novel. abutting the author outlines the type of government, which is quite overpowering, which again in co-ordinance with the telescreen presents one of the main ideas in the plot of the novel and is quite emphasized. The type of governance described is in effect in some countries around the world today. Finally the author has described in detail the use of a new language that has become useful for brainwashing, and government propaganda. This language can be related to today as we have created a new language of our own for special purposes and there are places that deal with a double languages, just as in the novel. The concepts that this novel introduces are so realistic that it has influenced many around the world for many years.

English Term paper -- essays research papers

1984 is a novel of great influence. The novel illustrates many concepts of living in the rising through the knowledge of the past. The descriptive theories within the novel ar familiar in basic context when we look into the society of today. The author George Or rise has projected an moving-picture show of the future through the knowledge of his lifetime, which is not far off populace. The novel talks about the social movement to a world of unbearable proportions, which takes the appraisal of security to the limit. A feeling of helplessness is bestowed upon the people as the government scrutinizes their every move. The government has created a society of fear, and people automatically fall into task for they cannot escape the eyes of Big Brother who is watching them. Many of the major concepts outlined in detail in the novel are applicable to life in the twenty- initiative century. The author has defined concepts for several areas, which he perceived the world would progress towards. Orwells prophecies as illustrated in the novel 1984 are set up in todays society.One of the major prophecies that Orwell outlines in his novel is the idea of the telescreen which can watch anyone at any time this is a reality in todays society. One of the major connections that Orwell makes about the telescreen of 1984 and todays society is that you could spy on people. The telescreen might be the most almost compared to microphones and cameras, provided there are also many other devices that can be easily used for spying. Within the area of the telescreen anyone could be watched as well as heard, which closely links to the surveillance of today, except people are a little more naive. Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it moreover, so as long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal face commanded, he could be seen as well as heard. There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watch ed at any given moment.(Orwell, 6) The ruling that Big brother is watching you from the novel is not that far off. In fact cameras are being installed all over the place for security reasons, but you do not know who is watching you and what kind of personal information you are giving away. No matter how far our contemporary world may seem to 1984s Oceania, any suggestion of government surveillance of its citizens--from the thre... ...clearly outlines several theories of his within the novel, which thrust come true in modern day. George Orwells first prophecy is about a piece of technology, which we can quite easily relate to modern day because it is quite like a television or a communication device such as a camera or microphone. This was important since it was one of the main ideas of his novel, relating to spying, and it has become quite prominent within our society as well as in the novel. Next the author outlines the type of government, which is quite overpowering, which aga in in co-ordinance with the telescreen presents one of the main ideas in the piece of the novel and is quite emphasized. The type of governance described is in effect in some countries around the world today. Finally the author has described in detail the use of a new language that has become useful for brainwashing, and government propaganda. This language can be related to today as we have created a new language of our own for special purposes and there are places that deal with a double languages, just as in the novel. The concepts that this novel introduces are so realistic that it has influenced many around the world for many years.

On Morality Essay

What is Morality? The inevitable fore comings of being a child liter anyy flash right before your eyes. One minute you are scholarship how to walk and talk and in the next you are graduating high school. We find ourselves constantly wondering where the hell all that time went. And in between all this growing up it seems we acquire a set of morals and values merely things we tend to blame our actions and thoughts on. Its like this illusory line comes into bump where we place the good and the bad.Perhaps once you have a belief about something it becomes permanent and forever engraved in your head but I dont stand for I have the particular values or perspectives on life as I once did. To think that wiz of a parents main ambitions is to produce a child and raise it to have said good morals and values. It is only slightly distressing to think of Hitler or Stalins parents and wonder what happened? As an adolescent we are taught an abundance of things, but if asked to come up with pert inent examples, I think a lot of us would stutter to come up with a few.The problem is that these lessons and ideals become instil conduct in us therefore becoming piece nature no thought process needed. A moral is something so excruciating and hard to be defined. Everyone seems to have their own set, but how is it that the majority sees the differences between okay and not in agreement? The absence of an explanation leads me to conclude that your own values and morals are dependent upon the circumstances you are subjected to.The point that I am so desperately trying to convey is that certain situations I had to deal with as a child and a young adult have led to my morals and values consequently changing. Joan Didion once said, I followed my own conscience. I did what I thought was right. How many mad men have said and meant it? (On morality, 1965) A statement that is so relevant to my own thinking due to the fact that I have felt myself questioning where and how the good and bad contour was formed.If a mad man truly felt that a mass murder was right, and cohesive with his conscience, then who are any of us to circumscribe his well -being? When you think of this mad man in a different context, you resolve that maybe rather than being mad possibly, he has converted his pragmatic necessities into moral imperatives without second thought. You see I want to be quite obstinate about insisting that we have no way of knowing beyond that fundamental verity to the social code- what is right what is wrong what is good what is evil.I dwell upon this because the most disturbing aspect of morality seem to me to be the frequency with which the devise now appears in the press, on television, in the most perfunctionary kinds of conversation. (Joan Didion, on morality) What Joan Didion and presumably I keep diverging back to is the improper use of the word. What truly matters is on the nose that- the way in which you toss these words around. Words like morals and valu es are merely titles. The manuscript of my childhood may or may not have stayed but there are still reminiscent little bits that remind me of who I am and where I came from. So what is morality? I have no idea.

Adult Self-Directed Learning

by time, self-importance-directed erudition has been observed as a rather distinct form of study that has been in human race in the development of children up to the braggy years. In the past, it has been known that the practice of self-reliant reading has become the practice where formal instruction is non ready(prenominal) before the establishment of schools (Merriam & Brockett, 2007).It requires a greater focus on the ability of the schooling to become the source of initiatives when it comes to acquiring information and the reliance on their self without guidance from the traditional perspectives contained in the schoolroom setting. More so, it emphasized on a lesser restrictive foundation of learning and allows for the adult learners to depend on their own capabilities and discipline (Edwards, Hanson, & Raggatt, 1996).Aside from the learner, thither is a perspective from the field of education which points towards the fact that adult learners argon able to gain knowle dge in self-directed learning through dialogue, too (Borkman, 1999). Nonetheless, in that respect is around(prenominal) more emphasis on autonomy and the assumption of ownership when it comes to learning (Knowles, Golton, & Swanson, 2005).Upon review of the literature mentioned above, it has been shown that adult self-directed learning has existed through time, focuses on autonomy and ownership in learning, acquisition of information through independence, and the use of dialogue in learning.These are all important(p) and basic elements within the concept of self-directed learning save the ability of the adults to follow up on in self-directed learning, in consideration of the characteristics and perspectives they defend in terms of learning, is worth discussing.Moreover, the long existence of self-directed learning leads to the question of whether it can be really institutionalized or formalized through the inclusion in the academe or should remain as what it has been before , which is that learning rests on the initiative of the learner and occurs just about eitherwhere.It has been considered that the adults are able to conceptualize and reflect on their own better than the other age groups because of their current stage in cognitive development. Inherently, they have the capability to analyze and critically assess situations before them because of the sand of maturity attached to their age group.With this characteristic, adults can engage in self-directed learning better than high school students would do, as an example. However, this particular ability, brought about by their level of cognition, raises the question of whether adults are indeed able to learn by themselves or would need to communicate with a particular mentor or peer, which is posited in the element of dialogue for self-directed learners.The autonomy and independence is especially raised in the case of self-directed adult learners because of the discipline they have but nonetheless, on that point remains the need for them to have an authority in their activities when it comes to learning. There remains the constant need for inquiry and honing of ideas and the adult learner should be able to engage with someone who can ask questions in order to engage the learner into deeper think ofing.While cognitive development may be a factor that makes the adult suitable of engaging in self-directed learning, thither remains the need for them to engage in dialogues in order to assure that what they gain in terms of their free and independent are continuously refined. Thus, there remains the need for a mentor or outsider interaction that turns the mentor into a facilitator of learning quite of an agent through which learning primarily rests on.Moreover, this makes the autonomy and independence of a learner vary in terms of the set-up where self-directed learning occurs. There are differences that have to be accepted when it comes to the learning styles and behavior of t he adult learners which makes room for flexibility in the framework of self-directed learning.There are adults who are able to intrust their time practically on learning by themselves and there are also those who need constant dialogue for them to learn. In terms of learning styles, there is much room left for flexibility in this manner of learning and makes people appreciate the fact that it puts the learner at the center of every activity.This deviates and puts much difference as compared to the traditional classroom setting because of the restrictive nature of learning and expression of individual learning habits. It now becomes important to emphasize that learning is deemed to be a rather enriching and fruitful experience when the learner is able to express and do it in his/her own way and will because of the satisfaction this brings.More so, a person would rather act more cooperatively when he/she has a sense of control over the choices that has to be made, which is the essen tial and a root operate in self-directed learning. Thus, the question of whether adult self-directed learning rests on the level of cognitive development of the learner has to take into consideration the personal learning habits and degree of autonomy required by each learner. More so, evaluation of progress has to be based on the different requirements of each learner.In terms of formalization, there are current ways through which self-directed learning has been formed to become a part of the academe. The fact that it has been used as a method of instruction in the universities, which is partially a hybrid form in the case of distance learning, shows that it is recognized as an acceptable and effective means of acquiring knowledge.However, there remains the question of whether institutionalization of this form of learning creates any difference or not. The existence of self-directed learning practices in universities gives the formal setting for learning to occur. It does, in fact , take into consideration the different needs of the learner and the experience is enhanced through three different elements of the concept.These three elements are the advancement in technology, the training for instructors, and the convenience and accessibility of the learners to engage in self-directed learning.There advancements in technology have now provided self-directed learning to occur at a more effective manner for both the students and the teachers. The existence of internet has made it possible for learners, and teachers alike, to engage in dialogue and transfer of information across boundaries without barriers of geographic distances and costs. Learning could now occur online where different people in different parts of the world are able to communicate in real time.Moreover, there is a far wider reach for adult learners to be able to seek the advice or opinion of experts or other professionals when it comes to acquiring information for their subjects. However, this p oses problems and disadvantages for those who are not abreast with the changes in terms of technology for this particular method of learning.Moreover, there are adult learners who are not familiar or are not willing to use new technologies. Thus, it limits the effective and new tools of self-directed learning to those who can use them and have access to such.Aside from technology, teachers or mentors, who serve as facilitators, have also undergone changes as they developed their selves to adopt with the requirements of self-directed learning. It is assumed that there are mollify adult learners who wish to learn under the tenets of self-direction but requires guidance or dialogue.This situation gives rise to the hybrid mix where a mentor is salute in order to fulfill the roles expected by the learner. Through time, educators have made their selves available for training on how to handle communication for adult self-directed learners, motivation, and manner of facilitation. It is ap parent that there are differences with that of the traditional classroom setting and this makes the teachers wear a relatively different shoe.This is where they realize that dictation and feeding everything into the student does not work. Rather, they only have to stimulate the students to critically think and analyze their situation and create an atmosphere which enables learning to occur.Lastly, access and convenience remains a great factor for the adults to choose self-directed learning today. The present conditions of the adults who engage in learning have made this a practical and popular choice nowadays. Adult learners are usually engaged in learning because of their need to go up the professional ladder, which can only be done through education.In this set-up, they are given the chance to commit to their work and still be able to attend classes wherever they may be. Self-directed learning, thus, enhances the chances and opportunities provide for adults to acquire knowledge wi thout any inconvenience.Upon visiting one of the online websites dedicated to self-directed learning, www.selfdirectedlearning.com, there are information provided for the purpose of both the learners and the teachers. The site convinces people that they could engage in self-directed learning through steps and also provides the teachers with information regarding some aspects of this particular form of learning.However, it is not a site which is purely devoted to providing information but mixes it with commercial purposes and makes offers of different materials for those who visit the site. Thus, it makes the readers question whether the information provided is intend to give credible information or simply support the commercial purposes of the website.Thus, it has been shown that self-directed learning for adults have several elements. It is seen that it could occur in practically any place with varying degrees of formality. Moreover, there are considerations given for the preferenc es and personal habits of the adults when it comes to learning as brought about by their present situation and needs.There are other aspects which instill the ability of mentors and students to come together for the purpose of engaging in self-directed learning where the learner still serves as the primary focus of the process and the teacher serves as the facilitator.ReferencesBorkman, T. (1999). Understanding self-help/mutual aid Experiential learning in the commons. Piscataway, NJ Rutgers University Press.Edwards, R., Hanson, A., & Raggatt, P. (1996). Boundaries of adult learning. London Routledge.Knwoles, M., Holton, E., & Swanson, R. (2005). The adult learner The definite classic in adult education and human resource development. Burlington, MA Elsevier.Merriam, S. & Brockett, R. (2007). The profession and practice of adult education An introduction. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass.

Short story written by Martin Espada Essay

Niggerlips is a short story written by Martin Espada and is located in the bilingual book of poems called Cool Salsa edited by Lori M. Carlson on pages 73-74. My interpretation of the historical implications in the writing is when he nones the capital grandfathers time and place of existence, Coffee Hills in Puerto Rico 1900s. The writing as well includes a section describing how a young villain student, Douglas, who attended elementary school with the grandson, would frighten young downhearted children playing on the sidewalk with an discharge gun in their communities. This to me indicates a time in history where racism and violence were not considered radical acts as most would in todays modern society, but thats not to say that it still doesnt happen today especially in southern states like Arizona or Arkansas for example. In this era, sinister behavior like Douglass was somewhat acceptable in a esthesis from the 1960s and prior for many age and included harsher treatments. For example, during the civil rights movement in the 1960s, police were treating minority groups with fierce aggression that included unjust assault on men, women, and children. I also picked up the sense that the great grandfather, Luis, was more of a burden to his family rather than a beloved member. It were as if the family was deprive or hiding him from the family legacy for having black p are down and assuming curly hair which are dominant traits in the Puerto Ri skunk nationality. The conflicts imply a historic era engulfed by prejudice that defines entire races to be humble to others and often made scapegoats for others as well. They also represent a time when hate and violence were accepted in communities as a status quo for reasons that are beyond petty such as how they look, their income, gender, sexual preference, and religion. These types of traits are not optional to the human being, but rather a forced stamp on an envelope that cannot be undone in a natural manner. This literature is a drama and I say this because it tells the story of heritage and shame which is not depicted in any form of humor by the condition.It tells about one of the many acts of violence in a clear and precise pace and its causation, racism. The violence was targeted by innocent children who could not change their economics, education, politics, or genetics to avoid being a victim of such cruel punishment by Douglas and others like him. The author uses metaphors and interesting words to creatively describe the events that occurred. For example, the text reads a line that includes the phrase, stubborn copper skin (Cool Salsa, Carlson) to describe Luiss black skin to be a pest to his future generations and will not go away regardless of the amount of powder used to cover it up. The author also uses the metaphor, a fly in milk (Cool Salsa, Carlson) to describe his existence as in being a constant reminder of their inferior Puerto Rican root in a society that thought them less. Lastly, at the end of the text the main persona uses the words unloaded gun to show a sense of inner power he has that trumps the horrible acts bragged about by Douglas indicating that he is aware of whats going on and that he can deal with it in his own independent way. The tone was pride, perseverance, and shame. Douglas was proud of his hate crimes and showed it by bragging about it to his classmates. He even bragged about it in earlier of students who were victimized themselves with no thought to their regard at all. The main character overcame his struggle of having black skin and big lips by acknowledging that he was similar to his great grandfather even though the rest of his family tried not to. The family openly expressed their feelings of shame by refusing to keep a picture of him in the lieu as if they despised their Puerto Rican ancestry. They tell stories of Luis using a powder in an attempt to bleach his skin as memories for the grandchildren as if making a taunt of him.The theme is about a boy facing racism in a society that allows it and is exposed to his familys negative feelings toward their Puerto Rican roots by disowning Luis, the ancestor. The story reflects a type of dj vu between the main character, the great grandson, and Luis, the great grandfather, because of their Puerto Rican traits that they shared that consisted of big lips and black skin that were social hardships for twain men within their historic time periods. The theme also includes violence, racism, deadly weapons without ammunition. My personal opinion of this literature is sadness towards Luis, the great grandfather, for having Puerto Rican traits like big lips. Also, the trigger that mentions white powder used to cover up Luiss black skin is as if he were trying to erase his authentic identity to occasion another that was more fitting for his own personal interest and of his family. As I read the story, I also felt feelings of anger towards Douglas for the v ery use of goods and services of trying to bring mental or physical harm to innocent people. I did however get a sense of contentment for the main character in the end with his choice of words and persevering tone, Douglass unloaded gun. Its as if he were saying that he can take on the whole world, as ugly as it can be, and persevere through it. I also find it difficult to imagine, realistically, the struggles that the young black children faced in advance throughout their lives with this event as another similar memory added to the many they probably faced.

Nordstrom Employee Issues

Does the order have an ethics policy? Conflicts of Interest Nordstrom values fair and honest transaction with their customers, coworkers, suppliers, competitors and other business partners. Directors are expected to uphold these values by avoiding conflicts of interest. Conflicts of interest also may arise when a Director, or a element of his or her family, receives personal benefits such as gifts as a result of his or her position as a Director with Nordstrom.Directors should use good sagaciousness at all times to avoid relationships that could create a real or perceived conflict of interest. If a Director believes he or she has an essential or potential conflict of interest with Nordstrom, the Director shall nonify the Chair of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee as promptly as practicable and shall not participate in whatever deliberations and decisions by the Board of Directors that in any way relates to the matter that gives rise to the conflict of interest. Corporate Opportunities Directors owe a duty to Nordstrom to keep its legitimate interests when the opportunity to do so arises. Directors may not take for themselves a business opportunity (or direct a business opportunity to a third party) that is discovered through the use of Nordstrom property, information or position, unless Nordstrom has already been offered the opportunity and de barrierined that it will not pursue that opportunity ConfidentialityEach Director, during his or her term of office, and after leaving the Board, must maintain the confidentiality of information entrusted to him or her by Nordstrom and any other confidential information about Nordstrom that comes to him or her, from whatever source, in his or her capacity as a Director, except when disclosure is authorized or legally mandated or when the information becomes generally available to the public. . How are employee and motor issues addressed? Nordstrom has an open door policy.Each employee has the respo nsibility to speak up to create a safer work environment that supports an environment where each can realize their potential, and contributes to the companys goal of providing excellent customer service. If you have any questions about the Code of Conduct or have a concern about any employee or customer conduct, we want to hear from you. The expectation is that any concerns will be brought up immediately. Also, in the event any employees observe illegal or unethical behavior, they have a responsibility to speak up.An anonymous or confidential option is also available. Call 1. 888. 832. 8358 or visit ethicspoint. com. Retaliation is non Permitted Nordstrom will not permit any retaliation against employees who report possible misconduct, raise a concern regarding a violation of this Code, participate in an probe or otherwise engage in legally protected activity. Anyone who retaliates will be subject to disciplinary action, up to and including termination of employment. http//shop. n ordstrom. com/c/nordstrom-cares-environment? origin=topnav

Green Power

Cleaner electricity generation is on its way for full implementation as many of ability consumers are immediately aware how could utility of it. In the official blog site of the US Environmental Protection Agency, many of its visitors had said in their comments that they had already installed or purchased from a private electric company a way how could they use green power.Some had also leaved a link to the sites of their muscle provider that gives them an option for immaculate push generation. But others still had said that they could not choose to opt to green power because of area and cost constraints.People who had said that they had installed solar panels and/or avail power generated by wind or geothermal admits that they pay more for their electricity consumption as compared when they were not using it. Since conversion into fresh energy consumption would cost more to the people, they efficiency rather ignore their wish to take part with a cleaner environment. Some eve n says that going into cleaner energy generation is just propaganda of electric companies that would mean more profit on their part.Some still had said that they had no choice whether to use green power or not because its their individual power provider could only decide. As I had completed browsing all of the comments, I suggest that yes in that respect is a need for a greener electricity generation but the problem is that people where afraid of their initial additional cost. Yes, it cost more than the regular energy we consume from burnt coal but like what one comment had said, people are not aware of the hidden cost the people might suffer if we continue using it because experts says that burning coal adds up to the air pollution.As we enter into the era of information age, ideas are now easy to disseminate through all of the high tech devices and technology the modern day gives such as the computers and the internet. But we should be careful of what would we should acquire of t hese ideas since some of them cannot be to the full relied on. Support of experts in such field such as EPA could give as a somewhat assurance that what we learn is what we should. References Greenversation, Question of the Week wherefore are you or arent you buying green power? Retrieved May31, 2008 from http//blog. epa. gov/blog/2008/05/27/qotwgreenpower/

A Long Walk to Freedom – Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela in his book, keen-sighted Walk to Freedom argues through and through the first five parts that a drab individual must deal, coop, and grow through a society that is hindering their lives with apartheid and suppression of their rightful land. Rolihlanla Mphakanyiswa or clan stir, Madiba was born on July 18, 1918 in a simple village of Mvezo, which was not ac economic consumptioned to the happenings of South Africa as a whole. His father was an respected man who led a good sustenance, but confused it because of a dis drifte with the magistrate.While, his m other(a) was a hard-working woman full of daily choirs. His childhood was full of playing games with fellow children and having fun. In school, Mandela was given his English name of Nelson. After his fathers death, he moved to love with a regent, who was a well-off individual and owed Nelsons father for a previous favor. The bordering several years were full of schooling for Nelson. These schools opened Nelsons e yes to many things, which we willing discuss later. He and the regents son, Justice opinionated to travel to Johannesburg and see what work they could find.They left on their journey without the regents permission, but compensatetually escaped his power and settled down in the town. In Johannesburg, Nelson settled down in a law firm as an assistant and went to University of South Africa and Witwatersrand University to advertize his law education. Witswatersrand University brought many juvenile ideas to Nelson and awaken a spirit inside of him. The next several years, Nelson met many new semi policy-making friends and began his involvement in the ANC. Also during this metre, he met Evelyn and they became married.Gradually Nelsons political involvement grew and his family life declined. Nelson and his good friend, Oliver Tambo opened a law firm, which took up most of Nelsons time. Evelyn mothered two of Nelsons children, but the gradually grew apart. Now, Nelson was an influent ial political individual and negatives and jailing began to follow him around. One day, a young woman came into his life by the name of Winnie and they got married. Winnie gave birth to two more of Nelsons children. As time passed, Nelsons spirit for granting immunity grew more and more each day.Though his life was full of bannings and jailings, he never gave up his fight, but he knew that the southwesterly African government was becoming agitated with him and the ANC. The South African government became ruthless and strict and this forced Nelson to leave his family. After he left his family, he went underground. Nelsons life has been full of hardships and decisions, but his heart for the struggle has never faltered. Now permit us examine Nelson in closer detail. Nelson is an individual who fought through many hardships, but was in any case faced with decisions that affected his future, his family, and his livelihood.As we look at Nelson deeper, we can see many interesting poin ts. He was opened to new ideas and beliefs through his experiences in the schools of Heraldtown and Fort Hare, but knew there was something better. He decided to travel to Johannesburg to find new and greater opportunities. While, in Johannesburg, he believed education would be a key asset. While working for a small firm, he took classes at University of South Africa and eventually Wits University. Here is where his mind and social life flourished. He inter lay outed with great minds and influential political individuals.He talked to many Africans without proper education, who contained more knowledge and better social skills than many Africans with education. But, he still persisted in acquiring his B. A. Wits University brought his life to new extents. He was also talking to Indians, Coloureds, and whites for the first time in his life and Becoming friends with many more bad African individuals. Nelson soon joined the ANC and became very prominent in the fight for freedom. Nelson was incessantly open to listening to new ideas, but when his was just starting his fight.He believed that just Africans should fight the struggle and that the Indians, Coloureds, and communists would hinder their fight. As the ANC grew, Nelson also became well known. He was part of the Youth League, another beneficial part of the ANC. Nelson was not chairman yet, but was powerful enough to voice is opinions, which many people listened to and believed in. As Nelsons political involvement grew, the police became more aware of him. Nelson received ban after ban, which ranged from months to years. He also experienced jail time constantly. Eventually, the polices pursuit of him forced him to go underground.Nelson was also becoming more open-minded. He now believed that the fight should involve the Indians and the Coloureds. He also believed that Communism did have some good points, but he would never accept the whole socialism aspect. There were many freedom fighters in South Africa. One that stood out was Dr. Xuma. Dr. Xuma was friend of Nelson and the president of the ANC, but the struggle forces many hardships on ones life. Nelson gave everything up to pursue his fight for freedom. He left his family, his prospering law firm, and his past for the struggle. Dr.Xuma believed in the same ideas as Nelson, but would not give up his prominence with the whites and his wealthy occupation for the struggle. This decision had to be made by many freedom fighters. Nelson gave his life for the fight. While, Dr. Xuma thought his career was more important. Now allow us look closer at some issues seen through Mandelas book. Through this paragraph, I will compare foreign influence seen in eagle-eyed Walk to Freedom to foreign influence seen in Mexico through Professor Hornibrooks lectures and notes. As I have seen through your lectures, South Africa was affected by foreign influence from the British and the Dutch.Mandelas autobiography helps give more detailed accounts of th e European influence seen in South Africa. Ever since Mandela was born, the Europeans power affected his people. European influence could be seen through every aspect of life. In Mandelas school, he was given an English name and this was because this was the custom among Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education. (14) Also, the education I received was a British education, in which British ideas, British culture, British institutions were automatically assumed to be superior.There was no much(prenominal) thing as African culture. (14) This shows that it was difficult to get away from the British influence even for children in school. The British and the Dutch governments passed several acts that were instituted to fight against the Africans freedom struggle. The Africans struggle for independence was slowly growing and this scared the government. A new term was cosmos seen and it was called apartheid. The government enacted laws and acts that prohibited Africans from doing Many things that were vital to their fight and survival. The Group Areas Act was one example.This act called for each racial group to be narrated into separate areas. Another act was the Population Registration Act, which showed that race had become the most important and influential aspect of South African law and society. Another act was the Suppression of Communism Act. This act called for all communists to be brought to trial. The police could arrest anyone they believed were trying to overthrow the government by violence and communist ways. Lastly, the government put bans on individuals who were becoming to involved in the struggle and finally the government banned the ANC and all other liberation groups.This ban now made freedom fighting was illegal in South Africa. The effect of foreign influence was drastic. Africans lost sense of African culture in schools. While, the foreign government tested everything to break down the Africans chanc e for liberty. The foreign influence seen in South Africa crushed the Africans hope and survival. While this was occurring in South Africa, Mexico was also seeing the effect of foreign influence. Americans and Europeans came into Mexico and gained much power. Haciendas helped their face-lift and foreign investment in many minerals and rock oil. But, Mexico did not approve of this and changed it.In 1917, Mexico created a new constitution, which limit foreign investment and promised land reform. This showed that Mexico did not want an overpopulation of foreigners and would not allow it. While, in oil, the foreigners controlled much of the oil, which Mexico had an abundance of. In 1938, oil workers went on strike and the companies would not give in, but instead of allowing foreign influence to become too powerful. The Mexican leader, Cardenas sent in arbitrators. The arbitrators called for the one/third pay increase, but the companies refused. Therefore, Cardenas nationalized oil an d limited the power of foreign influence in Mexico.Now, Mexican oil was controlled by PEMEX, which is controlled only by Mexico. Mexico become a large influence in the oil market during the oil crisis, but also went though hyperinflation and eventually needed some foreign help. But, the Mexicans would not allow foreign influences to dominate the Mexican state as foreigners have affected South Africa. Now I will examine another issue seen in the book. In this paragraph, I will examine the movement seen in Long Walk to Freedom to the movement seen in China during the 1900s. In South Africa, the movement I saw was the Africans fighting for freedom.In their time of struggle, they had little help from those with power. The liberation movement involved peasants, educated, and well-off Africans. But, the government did what ever they could to put down this struggle. They set up organizations, such as the ANC, Youth League, and others, but as seen in other places the wealthy and powerful wo uld not help the struggle. Many people were blind to the struggle. Most of these wardresses had no idea why we were in prison, and gradually began to discover what we were fighting for and why we were willing to risk jail in the first place. (249) Many individuals did not gather in what the Africans were really fighting for and why the government was harassing them, but slowly they were learning. Seeing prominent and educated white women discussing serious matters with a black man on the basis of perfect equality could only lead to the weakening of the wardresses apartheid assumptions. (249) The government tried to separate whites from blacks so whites would not turn sympathetic towards the Africans fight. This scared whole tone made the government acts and laws stricter and harsher towards the African struggle.Therefore, in South Africa, the movement received little help from the people who had influence in the country and the help they actually needed. While, in China, their mo vement involved their peasants and they had help, which truly helped their struggle. Mao verbalise that In a very short time, several hundred million peasants will rise like a mighty storm They will sweep all the imperialists, warlords, corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry into their graves (Mao, 24) Here Mao stated that the peasants would destroy the landlords and corrupt individuals.He helped the peasants by making some reforms. He gave peasants land and made marriages a free choice. He also instituted the 100 Flowers Campaign. This ravel allowed peasants to speak out and have freedom of speech. We see here that the peasants had help in their struggle, while the Africans had very little. This assistance helped the peasants to get the things they were fighting for. Mandelas Long Walk to Freedom, helped show the rise of an incredible individual, who fought with many of his countrymen against the oppression and apartheid of white supremacy in South Africa.Throughout the book, I have seen Nelsons open-mindedness. Nelson always listened to communist ideas and Indian goals, eventhough he did not agree with them. Nelson faced many hardships through his struggle and this had to cause some resentment against his oppressors. But if anyone would not be bias in his writing, I would say it would be Nelson Mandela. He has showed in his book that he is great individual and that he will not let his past feeling cloud his writing. You can see his feelings in his book and that is what makes it so good, but I believe he does not hide anything from us on both sides of the stories.In conclusion, Mandelas autobiography is a brilliant book written by an incredible individual. I wish I could of designate the whole book for this essay, but that was not possible. It is hard to write an essay on the first 5 parts when I know some things that happened further in the book. I did not know if I should include that information in the essay, but I did not involve it. This boo k helped to show the other side of the story. We always hear the victors story and in this class we got to hear the other side of the story.

Green River company Essay

Aberdeen facility is focused on the drudgery of special missile hind endisters for US Navy. The peculiarity of the production lies in its quaint complexity. Canisters have many features that require special attention and careful assembling. Thus, the commitment of workers is the issue of crucial importance. Otherwise, the quality of product will suffer, which is absolutely inadmissible with encounter to the nature of production. The privileged position of Aberdeen plant lies in the fact that it doesnt actually have any competitors.It works for the only customer US Navy. However, it contains hide threats as well, because there is always a chance of neglecting a quality of product knowing that there is no fight for a customer. The Aberdeen plant was started v years ago without using unions to regulate pay scales and define various job descriptions. It employs 100 employees and is much smaller in size than the immature River facility. The production line utilizes three-quarters o f its employees.Bob Lancaster the founder and the first manager of the plant first introduced the innovative participative management. Lancaster based his management theory on doing the right thing, trust and if you can fix it, do it. This functioned as a collective, it took away fear from doing or not doing what is needed to complete a task and it also gave each unmarried the responsibility of solving a problem without having to go through a chain of command to get results.Ken Dailey, Green River plant manager, is intrigued with the management processes at the FMC Aberdeen facility and thus is willing to implement similar changes at Green River. Dailey is a continuous tense manager and wants to innovate the Green River plant with a progressive style of management as well as three new plants that the corporation plans on building. The major organisational issue pertaining to the practical changes is that of an organizational structure.Obviously, indoors the Green River plant w e notice usual linear structure of organization where authority is delegated from the top to the bottom, from the higher manager to the manager of the lower aim. There is a direct relationship between superior and subordinate, with each subordinate responsible to only one person. Line relationships are associated with functional or departmental variableness of work and organizational control. Line managers have authority and responsibility for all matters and activities within their own department (Sterman, 2000).It means that organizational structure at Green River doesnt contemplate any personal initiative or any social interaction beyond the processes and functions defined. Moreover, linear structure also doesnt suppose any group discussions, since major decisions are taken above. In contrary, Aberdeen facility has more flat organizational structure, when every employee can turn to the higher level one with an initiative, complaint or offer. Such an organizational structure pr esupposes more communication and thus has greater impact on employees motivation.Flat organizational structure kills the fear towards management in employees and create more favorable on the job(p) atmosphere. Considering two different types of organizational structure within two facilities, it is possible to say that organizational structure actually impacts the organizational culture and the way people perceive themselves and their importance to the organization, treat each other and behave i. e. working atmosphere that exists.(Brislin, 1993) Thus, in Green River company, people are brought together based on defined roles within the structure of the organization. The nature of the tasks to be done is a predominant feature within this facility. Management, certain rules and relationships, identify goals and norms of behavior are established. Thus, Green Rivers organizational culture is very formal. As it was mentioned before, employees do not have a chance and stimulus to socially interact with each other, share their ideas and experience.It is possible to identify Green Rivers organizational culture as the one of total control and power from the center. At Aberdeen, in contrary, organizational culture is more people oriented, humanized and caring. This so-called human approach to management has resulted, in particular, in active interaction between employees, as well as in the fact that 30% of all employees were represented by women and 8% by minorities. It helped to create a positive image of the plant in the yes of Aberdeen community and people outside as well.

B proofreding MBA application questions

During the past year, my wife applied for admission to a a few(prenominal) schools under the Physical Assistant Program. Barry University recently accepted her for admission in the fall of 2007. We plan to go to the same school and take some classes together. I am applying for admission to the MBA program at Barry University. When she was invited for an interview, I came along with her and visited the main campus in Miami. I admire the over all go out and feel of the campus and was super impressed with the school facilities and friendliness of the teaching staff and exemplary student life.Barry Universitys MBA program ranks 47 among best schools in the United States. That is more than enough reason for one to gain admittance to your university divagation from the warm weather of Florida and beautiful beaches. 2. Your professional plans upon completion of your degree After completing the MBA program at your university, I pass on use all the knowledge and skills I will have learne d to punter manage my low-pitched wrinkle and create a bump and more victorious business modeling.I look forward to opportunities that will allow me to use my combined engineering and business skills in the business world. In the future, in this case, that would be around 5 years after completing my degree, I see myself managing my possess expanded companies that will continue to innovate, produce and distribute consumer electronic products. 3. Any information which you believe will help the Admissions Committee in the evaluation of your application I am particularly interested in World Wide Web despite being an undergraduate and having graduate with a major in electrical engineering.I bought and sold my text books and some other things online. This eliminated the need for a car to drive to a local store on tight budget. All I needed was a credit control panel and a computer with internet connection. It did not take that long for me to notice profitable business model of an o nline store and future of e-commerce. I started learning e very(prenominal)thing I could on my own regarding creating a vanesite and starting a small business. For two summers during my undergraduate years, I worked, SD Pacific in California as a web designer and programmer.I also took some computer programming classes that helped me develop my own online store structure. I have from University of Minnesota with Bachelor in Electrical Engineering major in 2003. I was admitted to PhD program in Electrical Engineering at Rice University, Houston in fall 2003. During second year of my graduate studies I knew that I could kick the bucket a good engineer but I would be a better businessman. In 2004, I created my first company, Zinyaw LLC and started selling printer and copier supplies at an online website, tonerpirate.com. I started the company with a $500 investment covering registration and web hosting fee. I learned to do everything myself from registering company with sound out t o accounting, website designing and customer services. I also spent quite amount of time teaching myself successful online marketing which was critical step to the success of my business. Currently, my company has annual sales revenues of 1. 7 million spot spending $120,000 on online marketing. I started two online stores and expanded the product lines.Even though the business has gained momentum and is doing very well, the growth is slow. I lack sufficient management skills that will help me transform a small home business into a reliable corporate structure. I see myself working to maintain the business and after stabilizing the business structure, improving on it. I believe that your MBA program will endure me with essential knowledge to further improve my business as well as prepare me to become a successful business man with diverse opportunities in the future.

Project Risk Management – Holyrood Project

aim Risk attention M3N313401-12-B Group report Jenna McC each S1O21235 Adelle Kelly S1023858 Angela Mitchell S1034517 Luciano Farias S1306729 Iaponaira de Abreu S1306726 5103 words Contents 1. Introduction 2. 1 Executive summary 2. showcase lease . What is tolerate vigilance 4. 2 Successful chuck prudence 4. 3 Risk concern in rolls 4. foresee cooking stove 5. 4 address focus 5. 5 Time management 5. 6 Project management spears 5. Stakeholder management 6. Conclusion 7. Recommendations 8. References 1. Introduction aft(prenominal) the identification of the requirements of the Holyrood fantan formulation, responsibility for the construction of the envision was handed e very(prenominal)place to the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate personate in June 1999 which took place over the note line of 5 years.A proposal goes by galore(postnominal) configurations throughout its lifecycle and quite a little be deemed winnerful if implemented expeditiously agai nst initial objectives. This includes represent effective, quality management and conclusion inwardly the indispensable cadence scale with the boilersuit aim being to meet stakeholders objectives. A examine that fails is said to be unrivaled that lacks quality, obligate and management. In order for forge management to be effective, both strategic and operational strategies mustiness be incorporated. 1. 1 Executive SummaryProject stake management is a systematic process concerned with reducing the happens and shotties complex in business activities, essential if a throw off is to action its objectives which typic wholey include image, term and equal. It is ground on managing people so that a count on corporation be actively managed reducing the trys that could occur. After the objectives turn out been defined, in order for appropriate risk management to be exercised, a traditional deck out analysis should be conducted to identify strengths, weaknesses, opport unities and threats knobbed in the be after.This report discusses the foundations of stick out management and indentifies the Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and sanctioned drivers that can influence get off management. In order for the befuddle team to achieve successful close of the excogitate against delivery term and budget they should follow four steps- identifying the objectives, the holds deliverables, and the schedule and supporting plans. Overall fancy risk management forms the basis of any successful project. It is employ to identify the challenges that the project is particularly assailable to in order to ensure impress is minimised.It is vital that the project team makes effective map of risk management in order to manage unforeseen complication which could arise. The biggest challenge that projects face is the inadequate management of home stick. Failed projects tend to be ones which over stretch budget, schedule and do not a ccomplish its desired purpose. 2. Case study The construction of the Holyrood Parliament Building first began in June 1999, and the Scottish Parliament held their first roll in the building on 7th September 2004. The official opening of the new building was on 9th October 2004 and was opened by Queen Elizabeth.From when construction began in 1999 until the opening of the parliament building in 2004, the delegacy rooms and the debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament were forced to hold their meetings in the General Assembly hall of the Church of Scotland. Office and administrative accommodation which were supporting the Parliament were located in buildings leased from the metropolis of Edinburgh Council. only, the new Scottish Parliament Building allowed the several(predicate) sectors within the Parliament to amalgamate into the one parliament building. According to The BBC (2004), in the initial planning corresponds the predicted ? 0 million was set aside by the presiden cy to fund the project. This amount re primeval(prenominal)ed fixed until additional un dominationled construction apostrophizes resulted in the project cost to increase to ? 109 million in June 1999 to a total cost of ? 414. 4 million which in crease resulted in a 20 month foil to the initial schedule. The BBC (2004) similarly suggested that the main ca enjoyment of the agree in the project finalisation was overdue to the growthion of detailed radiation diagramed variations and the late supply of selective information during the construction process. The deadlines which the project bus willd for the construction of the parliament building were very tight.The BBC (2004) argues that these deadlines did not confer the complexity of the building which resulted in both architects and trade contractors failing to deliver critical foundations of the project so meaning the project durationscale overrun. The project manager failed to realise the unlikelihood of the targets s et being achievable and indeed failed to alter the termline to reflect this. Also the project manager should prep are loved steps which would allow the recognition of the key problems which were in turn causing the negative effect on the projects surgical operation in both cost and time.The project manager should have never relied on assumptions when producing construction programmes which would have resulted in the estimations of cost and time to have been realistic and therefore would have pr make upted the project streak over time and budget. 3. What is project management Project management provides an integrated frame flirt for project organisation, planning and control which is planed to ensure the timely and cost effective production of all end products. (Project Smart, 2013) It should be delivered within the defined scope, time, and budget.Overall, at its most fundamental, project management is about people getting things done (Barnes, APM President, 2013). The projec t management lifecycle goes through various awards before it is completed where each phase is measured against checklists to ensure operations atomic number 18 running according to plan. The initiation phase is the beginning of a projects lifecycle. This is a vital stage where ideas are explored and plans elaborated, allowing feasibility and resource requirements to be examined. This stage also allocates who will take charge of the process.This involves entrusting the inviolate project with the project manager where they will cultivate thepeople skills makeed to develop trust and conference among all of a projects stakeholders. (PMI, 2013), coordinating the task against budget and delivery time. Once the project plan has been reviewed and authorize by sponsors, the project enters the second stage rendering. This involves the identification of the judge outcome of the complete project. Typically, the execution phase is when resources are applied to the task.A list of requirem ents is drafted suppliers and contractors are brought in alongside a schedule detailing the materials and resources needed. Followed by the monitoring and control process which involves the construction of the task measured against plans. The final stage in windup the project involves carrying out an evaluation which is vital as it compares what has been accomplished (evidence) with what should have been accomplished (criteria) and so makes a judgment about how well it was done. C. L. Taylor (1998). 4. Successful project management Successful projects are typically ones which are executed within the required time scale and do not exceed allocated resources. wherefore, a project will be deemed successful if it delivers the outcome within required time and quality, remaining within cost of resources. There are 5 stages that contrisolelye to project success 1. Objectives 2. Stages 3. Organisation 4. readiness Control 5. leaders instruction Objectives They truly define a projec t and make it something concrete rather than abstract.Stages Projects step through different phases, such as the research and exploration phase, a decision phase, a planning and organising phase, an writ of execution phase, and then a closure phase. Organisation Since projects naturally operate outside of normal hierarchy, perhaps even crossing boundaries, it is the Project Managers duty to set organizational foundations for it, or rather, a compass of command. Planning and control No matter the project, whether a new building or a cultural change project, are always moving into uncertain regions through uncertain paths.Leadership and management need for a project to reach successful team development, by allowing negotiations and influences to occur. Successful project execution is also ground largely on the role that the parties concern play in the management of operations. The relationship betwixt the project team manager and how information is communicated, both interna lly and externally, to stakeholders is vital to its success including team members, sponsors and fourth-year management.There is a great deal of risk associated with the management of any project, organisations will often gain from the benefits when the project is completed. Increased risk management as risks will be defined and place which can progress an uninterrupted progression of the activities within the project and, by implementing the appropriate measures, remove any interruptions as rapidly as achievable. (Well-Stam, 2004) 3. 2 Risk management in projects The bigger the project, the more complex it becomes to manage, attach to with increase risk.Project risk management is a structured process that allows individual risk events and overall project risk to be to a lower placestood and managed proactively optimising project success by minimising threats and maximising opportunities. (APM Body of Knowledge, 5th fluctuation section 2. 5) To be fully effective, risk mana gement in projects requires an catch of how risk is managed as the need to manage uncertainty is inherent in most projects that require formal project management. (Chapman, et al. , 2003)It is essential to conduct a swot analysis 4. Project scope A projects scope is the sum of the work suffice of a project (Murray-Webster. R, and Simon. P, 2007). This suggests all the necessary elements which have to be completed in order to achieve the projects time, cost and quality objectives and success criteria. It is crucial that a project manager has a clear understanding of the projects initial scope. They would also be required to communicate this to the organisations team and all of their stakeholders.Any consequential changes can be managed which will allow the avoidance of scope flinch. According to Cupe (2010), scope creep is when continuous proceeds occurs in a projects scope. This is initiated when project management fails to control changes in their necessary elements. Scope Man agement Scope management involves the identification and defining of all of the elements of the project scope and to ensure that the scope is continuously up-to-date. In turn this will help manage scope creep in a project.It is a project managers responsibility to protect scope and prevent the occurrence of scope creep. For effective scope management, project managers must control what is and what is not in the scope of the project (Project Smart, 2013). After a review of the project scope and in the event that it is no longer effective, a project manager whitethorn decide to implement changes into the process using a change control process (Murray-Webster. R, and Simon. P, 2007). 4. 1 Cost management Cost management is the process by which companies control and plan the cost of doing business.Individual projects should have customised cost management plans, and companies as a whole also integrate cost management into their overall business model. (wiseGeek, 2013). If applied correc tly, cost management reduces costs of production for products and services, as well as delivering products with change magnitude value to the customer. For a projects management to be effective in general, cost management demand to be a prime feature. For instance, in the initial stages of a project, the predicted costs need to be identified and measured.It is exigent that these expenses are then approved before any purchasing occurs. Throughout the ending of a project, all incurred costs should be made note of and kept in record, thus ensuring that costs are under control and maintained in line with initial expectations, to the extent that this whitethorn be feasible. The major challenges involved in the Holyrood project arose from the failure to identify the scope of the project when initial plans were undertaken, ensued by scope creep in cost.The earliest cost estimates for the Scottish Parliament building, in 1997, initially verbalise that Overall the capital letter costs of establishing the Scottish Parliament purchasing and refitting the New Parliament House and other buildings are estimated to be between ? 24. 5 and ? 34 million. (White Paper on Scottish Devolution, April 1997. Section 11. 6) This amount remained static until June 1999 when it increased to ? 109 million due to additional uncontrolled construction costs, which escalated again in April 2000 to ? 97 million with the impact of inflation. In 2003, the cost had crept again to ? 359 million and to ? 414. 4million in 2004 resulting in a 20 month delay in schedule In May 2003, after the costs had skyrocketed and the public opinion of the project was very low, Jack McConnell, the First Minister, announced a public inquiry into the handling of the building project. He mentioned how he was astonished that year after year the ministers who were in charge were kept so much in the dark over the increases in cost estimates. (Isobel White Iqwinder Sidhu, 2005).He also stated that a Parliament building of sufficient scale could never have been built for less than ? 50m, and was amazed that the belief that it could be was perpetuated for so long. (Isobel White Iqwinder Sidhu, 2005). Furthermore, ? 150m of the final cost was wasted as a result of design delays, over-optimistic programming and uncertain authority. (Isobel White Iqwinder Sidhu, 2005) According to (Isobel White Iqwinder Sidhu, 2005), by early 2004, close to its inauguration, the estimated cost of the project was around ? 30 million. This generated great controversy, as one would expect, concerning possible waste of public money. The building was audited, following its completion, after which it was stated that the main reasons for construction cost increases after 2000 were design development and delay in the construction process. The design development was entirely related to realising the detail of the building and aspects such as the quality of finish and the pallet of materials that were used, in accor dance with the clients requirements. (The Auditor General Report June 2004, paragraph 10) One of the main conclusions found in the Holyrood Inquiry was that whenever there was a conflict between quality and cost, quality was preferred. (The Holyrood Project, p240). The project showcased what lack of proper project management and control will achieve. On the same audit as above, it was stated that Although it is likely that a high quality building is being delivered, the time and cost objectives have not been met. The same quality could have been achieved for less if the whole design and construction process had been collapse executed. (The Auditor General Report June 2004, paragraph 10) The Scottish Office decided to procure the construction work under a construction management contract, rather than under a Private Finance Initiative, in order to speed construction, hardly without properly evaluating the monetary risks of doing so, and in a decision that Fraser stated beggars b elief without asking Ministers to approve it. (Isobel White Iqwinder Sidhu, 2005). This was one of the two most flawed decisions which the report singled out.The other was the insistence on a rigid programme officials decided that rapid delivery of the new building was to be the priority, but that quality should be maintained. It was therefore inevitable that the cost would suffer. In the Holyrood project the general approach was to evaluate cost increases and include them in the forecasts as the risks materialised. Since there was no agreed planned budget after June 2001, there was little evidence that forceful action was taken to prevent or reduce the increases in cost.Project management could have taken more action at an earlier stage to control outgo on consultants. (Audit Scotland, 2004). Before having consultants ap presageed, management of the project could have explored alternative fee arrangements more carefully including financial incentives linked to delivering val ue for money. There was a limit placed on increases in consultants fees in 2003, but this was very late in the programme, after the fees had increased significantly. The agreement to the fee capping at this late stage in the project did not provide a timely incentive to onsultants to control costs and programme. front to fee capping in July and August 2003, there was no regular reporting of the significant expenditure on the Holyrood project. 4. 2 Time management Time management is also known as project planning and scheduling. Haugan (2002) defines this term as the planed date for performing activities, organized chronologically according to the phases of the project and with start and completion date established. He also states that it is not possible to control costs if the schedule is not met, which was a serious problem in the Holyrood project.According to BBC (2004) the initial estimative of cost and time for the construction of the Scottish Parliament at Edinburgh took place in 1997 with delivery estimate for 2001, even without a project or defined location. However, in 1998 the Holyrood site was elect to be the actual location and a designer competition was opened based on the criteria of quality, time and cost, after which the Spanish architect Enric Miralles in conjunction with the Scottish company RMJM were chosen to design the parliament. With the delay in such definition, the time factor had become an even greater terminus ad quem for the execution of the project.According to White & Sidhu (2005) the president of the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland (RIAS), Mr George Wren, even wrote to the Prime Minister Donald Dewar occupation attention to this issue and the consequences of this reduction in availability of design time and in the final product quality, besides the need for faster methods of construction. He also suggested the extension of the deadline to complete the building and later, RIAS published a note considering that the process was being quite rushed.Also in 1998, Mr. Armstrong, project manager at this time, established the project schedule, where the construction of the building would start in July 1999 and the initial deadline at autumn 2001 was kept ( nobleman Fraser, 2004). Lord Fraser, creditworthy for the inquiry, also commented in his report that it was ironic that factors such as sufficient time for the phases of planning and design were not included in the timeline because of political objectives to meet the deadline.Besides, he also highlighted, in a workshop of risk management conducted by the company Davis, Langdon and Everest (DLE), that the design of the parliament was considered affordable despite of its complexity. Such issues, along the differences between Enric Miralles and the RMJM and the archaeology work at the location were the main causes of delay in progress of the project at its beginning. Therewith, Mr. Armstrong resigned from his position and a construction management co mpany was hired in his place.White & Sidhu (2005) described that in 1999, after controversies concerning the project and its handover by the former Scottish Office to the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body (SPCB), it was decided by the parliament that the current project would continue, increasing costs and maintaining the deadline for autumn 2001. Although at that point it had been suggested to pursue the project more slowly due to time constraints, it was alleged by Donald Dewar that delays of around two months could raise the cost of construction in about ? 2 to ? 3 million yet this deadline remained the same.Thus, the construction started in July 1999 and after this, many design changes were required in that year, which further decelerate the progress of the project. In 2000, finally, as Lord Fraser (2004) mentioned, after a lot of reports pointing to the necessity of a new estimate of costs and time, an amendment presented by Gordon Jackson MSP was accepted by the parliamen t and the delivery of the building was rescheduled to the end of 2002. However, other factors slowed the work even more in that year, such as the illness and subsequent death of the architect Enric Miralles and then Donald Dewar.In the end of that year, the Audit Committee published a report, where it was highlighted that the building could only be occupied in April 2003, extrapolating the deadline again. As published in the newspaper Scotsman (2004), the year of 2001 was marked by problems in construction, and security issues delayed the progress, hence the delivery of the parliament in May, 2003 became a priority over costs and the construction was accelerated. However in 2002, the deadline was extended again to September 2003 due to further delays, among the causes were cited bomb proofing measures and even the Inquiry of Lord Fraser.Later on, because of problems in the construction of the interior and the most complex parts of the project, the deadline was changed to August 2004 . The building was eventually delivered in October 2004, with a time span of three years from the initial deadline. On that note, considering the time management in this project, it is possible to highlight that the main problems were the non-inclusion of enough time to design and plan in the first schedules. This was due to the rush to deliver the building for political reasons and the insistence on keeping the deadline even with the problems faced.The failure to hit the books the very high degree of complexity of the chosen design therefore resulted in the project running over schedule. Such factors are mentioned in the Holyrood Inquiry as well. 4. 3 Project management tools Project management tools assist in keeping track of all components of a project, ensuring each stage runs swimmingly and is completed on time. As well as the smooth running and time keeping of a project, management tools also help monitor the projects progress against planned budget. Every project is unique, encompassing all the stakeholders and the internal and external influences.Effective project management should include elements of PESTLE analysis including, Political, economic, sociological, technological and environmental, as a method of identifying potential pitfalls in the process. A SWOT analysis is typically completed in the primary stages of a project. This would be carried out during the planning phase and revisited when any complications arise in a project such as budget or time management. In turn this would allow the project manager to ensure the project is being completed effectively.A SWOT analysis takes into account the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. These are then used to control areas of planning and risk management in a project. A SWOT analysis may also be used to highlight particular areas within the project which could be maximised to result in a benefit to either the project as a whole, or certain areas of the project. A project manager could implement a SWOT analysis to evaluate certain activities within their project to break apart their progress or determine if they could improve such activities to expand their potential.A SWOT analysis may also be used to evaluate any risks in a project or particular areas of a project and therefore define the most appropriate and effective way of controlling and mitigating any risk which may negatively affect the projects completion (Project Smart, 2013). Henry Laurence Gantt was an American mechanical engineer, recognised for the development of the Gantt chart in 1017. A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart wake the starting and finishing dates of the different stages of a project. They are a method of tracking tasks across time and also show the elationship between the different stages. Haughey, D. (2013) describes Gantt charts as, an important project management tool used for present the phases, tasks, milestones and resources needed as part of a project. Gantt charts have beco me an industry standard since their first use in the Hoover Dam project of 1931. They can be useful in planning a time frame of a project and help by categorising events and organising them into an order in which they have to be completed. They also work by showing the tasks which are to be completed on the vertical axis, with the time scale on the horizontal axis.Each task then has a bar showing the time required for each task and a percentage of how complete each task is. Critical runway summary (certified public accountant) is a project management technique similar to Gantt charts in the way that it lays out the activities needed to complete a task, the time it will take to complete each activity and the relationship between these activities. CPA is a planning and managing tool, its purpose is to help predict whether or not a project can be completed on time. It is a way of managing a project and ensuring the project timing is on track and that things are completed on time.Sant iago, J. and Magallon, D. (2009) state that, The Critical Method or Critical Path Analysis, is a mathematically based algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities. And, is an important tool for effective project management. Therefore this would be a necessary tool to use in project management as it allows activities to be planned so that the job can be completed in the shortest time and allows project managers to see if remedial action is necessary to place a project hold on course. Another tool used in project management is the Program Evaluation and brush up Technique (PERT).Haughey, D. (2013) describes this as, a method for analysing the tasks involved in completing a given project, especially the time needed to complete each task and identifying the minimum time needed to complete the total project. saucy charts are usually used alongside Gantt charts. However, Rouse, M. (2007) argues that, The PERT chart is sometimes preferred over the Gantt chart, because it dis tinctly illustrates task dependencies. On the other hand, the PERT chart can be much more punishing to interpret, especially on complex projects.Frequently, project managers use both techniques. Therefore, by using a ample range of tools such as PERT charts, Critical Path Analysis and Gantt charts a project can be better monitored ensuring that all activities are running smoothly, according to schedule. 5. Stakeholder management Stakeholders are the individuals who are involved in a project and are affected by its activities. meatyly, stakeholders cover everyone project sponsors, project managers, the project team, support staff, customers, users and even suppliers and opponents to the project.Understanding the needs of each of these stakeholders is vital each of the stakeholders have different needs and expectations which have to be met. In order to do this, needs and expectations must firstly be identified. Exceeding these needs involves balancing competing demands to ensure t he smooth running of a project. Stakeholder management is a process by which a positive relationship is created between the stakeholders and project managers of a project, through the appropriate management of expectations and agreed objectives. Kangas, P. 2011) states that Stakeholder management begins by identifying individuals and groups the project affects. To identify a comprehensive list of stakeholders, the project team should evaluate individuals or groups who contribute to or receive value from the project. The team should assess stakeholders for their influence, the extent to which they are affected and their attitudes toward the project. Therefore it is clear that for a project to run smoothly a good stakeholder relationship is vital. Thompson, R. (2012) refers to stakeholder management as being, critical to the success of every project in every organisation. Before the establishment of any project, one of the most important starting points is to have full commitment of all management and stakeholders as these are the people who will benefit from the completed project. If there is not full commitment, this increases the probability of project failure. Lawlor, J. (2010) states that for the completion of an effective project, an organisation must Have a strong sponsor, someone who is sufficiently high up in the organisation to sustain commitment to the project and who will fight for it at senior management level.It is not enough simply to gain management and stakeholder commitment at the start of a project, they must work to sustain it throughout. This can be achieved by keeping the sponsor firmly in the communicating loop and continuously update them on all major developments, successes and all potential issues and risks that may be faced in any upcoming projects. Due to stakeholders including everyone involved in the project such as suppliers, sub-contractors and other external resources this introduces further risks.To overcome the majority of th ese risks, organisations must clearly communicate to the stakeholder exactly what is expected of them. Clear instructions should be set out along with an expected time scale that these activities should be completed by. Lawlor, J. (2010) suggests that to avoid certain risks an organisation should, Base agreements with suppliers and other external parties on clearly qualify requirements that identify the performance standards expected and the products or systems to be designed, developed, and delivered. Regular meetings with these suppliers and sub-contractors are an essential part to the on-going project, for project managers to ensure stakeholders are performing as expected. When looking at the construction of the Holyrood building, it is clear that problems occurred. A possible reason for this was the vast amount of different stakeholders who were involved in the construction of the project. Due to the numbers of different contractors and subcontractors, communication and coordin ation was one of the main issues which added to problems associated with the time issues.Fraser (2004) reported, there was a lack of communication, coordination and understanding between stakeholders, for example, settlement of many design issues was delayed due to misunderstanding and lack of communication between RMJM & EMBT. Therefore, delays occurred in the project from bad stakeholder relationships and poor communication. 6. Conclusion With an unrealistic estimated budget, the Holyrood project was destined to fail from the beginning. Despite this, and the many challenges the team faced, it can be argued that the completion of the building has been a major success.Therefore, it is evident that there are many factors that contribute to the success of a project. Undoubtedly, this depends on how competently the given task was managed, measured against time and budget. ill luck to meet any pre-determined deadlines or budgets would indicate significant problems in the management and structure of initial plans. motion of projects strategic objectives is crucial to its success. This should be supported by a realistic plan that identifies critical success factors.An effective project risk management strategy should be embedded in the project lifecycle and provide a degree of certainty to all stakeholders involved. The effectiveness of this strategy should be regularly monitored alongside the other elements of the project in order to ensure total control. The grounds of project failure have been identified as running over budget, over schedule or lack of engagement with stakeholders to meet desired goal. Unrealistic timescales, poor leadership and poor communication also lead to project failure, which highlights the value that efficient project management has on the running of a project. . Recommendations The following recommendations should be considered by senior management when seeking to improve the effectiveness of project management. * Set realistic obje ctives, including a clearly defined scope, time and budgetary requirements * Consider the complexity and constraints of the project before implementation * Incorporate appropriate time management, allocating time for disruption * Ensuring effective communication between stakeholders at all times * Make appropriate use of all management tools in the planning and development stage 8. ReferencesAPM. 2013. Association for Project Management What is risk management online on hand(predicate) at http//www. apm. org. uk/WhatIsPM Accessed 9 inch 2013 Audit Scotland, 2004. Management of the Holyrood building project pdf getable at http//www. audit-scotland. gov. uk/docs/central/2004/nr_040629_holyrood_project. pdf Accessed 3 March 2013 BBC News. Timeline. ,2004. Holyrood. news. bbc. co. uk. online uncommitted at http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/scotland/3210729. stm Accessed on 10th March 2013 Fraser, R. H. L. , 2004. Construction Management. Available at http//www. cottish. parliament. uk/v li/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-07. htm Accessed 13th March 2013 Haugan, Gregory T. , 2002. Project Planning and Scheduling. Vienna Management Concepts. online Available at http//books. google. co. uk/books? id=evSThe6mUkMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=project+planning&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GMQ_UbbzCsqb0QW-4YDQDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEkQ6AEwAw Accessed on 1 March 2013 Haughey, D. , 2013. Project Management Tools online Available at http//www. projectsmart. co. uk/project-management-tools. html . 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