Punctuation And Capitalization Essay Example for Free

Punctuation And Capitalization EssayAs a Communications teacher, Ive open that one effective way to improve punctuation is to look for punctuation errors and correct them, explaining why the correction needs to be made.Convictions are more unsafe foes of truth than lies, wrote the philosopher.Some key vitamins and minerals found in milk are vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin A.The animal quacks like a border, waddles like a duck, and looks like a duck therefore, it must be a duck.Several countries have ratified the agreement France, Canada, Denmark, Spain, and Luxembourg. Of course, Mary agreed, Ill complete the project next week.The weather forecast is for come down however, I still plan to run the marathon this Sunday.Its important that the dog receives its vaccination this week.My parent has moved north of Madison, Wisconsin.Next term, I would like to bear away courses in algebra, biology and art history.ReferencesStraus, Jane. (2005). The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuatio n. Retrieved December 10, 2007, from http//www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/cnt_punc.asp

Contingencies to Airasias Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Contingencies to Airasias Marketing Strategy EssaySuggest three contingencies AirAsia should consider and rationalize your choice. What are the principal(prenominal) modifications to the current marketing strategy should AirAsia pioneer to respond to these contingencies. There are number of threats that AirAsia faces thus it should have well-prepared contingency plans in case certain situations occur. The fol littleing part focuses on analyzing three main contingencies that AirAsia should take into consideration as well as the modifications to the current marketing strategy that it would have to make to respond in case certain events occur. What if monetary value war happensTo compete with the rivals, each airline introduced its own strategy. Famous full serve well carriers like Singapore Airlines and Thai Airways have set up low cost subsidiaries. Malaysia Airlines launched competitive promotion scheme while independent low-cost airlines like Valuair focused on improving gue st services through mountain pass additional benefits to customers. Obviously, the harsh competitiveness in the region strengthens the probability that price war might happen. Price war happens when almost all airline companies simultaneously start to reduce their prices and the regions aviation industry as a whole fails to deliver profit.Price war might have a serious impact on AirAsia if it, together with another(prenominal) airlines in the region, starts to reduce its prices to compete. Customers now will have various choices and would be able to switch to the airlines that offer them the best price as well as best service. If price war does happen, AirAsia should make the following modification to its current strategy Increase customer satisfaction by improving on-flight service quality as discussed in depth in the third paragraph of question one. What if customers decide to switch to other airlinesAir Asia now has to face up with increasing competition not only from low cost subsidiaries of full service carries merely also from the event of independent low cost airlines. With the increasing emergence of new airlines which contribute customers with not only low fares but also a level of service far beyond that expected, the probability that customers switch to other airlines is very high. Recently, AirAsia has been receiving many complaints from passengers who are unsatisfied with the service quality. Focusing intensively on retentivity costs low, AirAsia neglected the satisfaction and convenience of its customers.Thus, the company should consider the possibility that customers might switch to other airlines. In this case the following modifications to the strategy should be made AirAsia should offer incentives for the customers to stay with the company by introducing frequent flyer bonus miles. To motivate customers, AirAsia can also offer membership cards which would provide them not only with additional miles but also with regular customers disco unt on specific flights to specific destinations or at special period of snip.What if AirAsia is discomfited in first appearance new markets such as mainland China and India AirAsia is now looking for expanding routes to other countries in the region and China and India are a enormous potential. However, these markets have completely different economies and therefore there is a probability that the market will not support a new airline. Also, for example, when going to China a huge market, AirAsia needs to be ready to face uncollectible competition. Besides good reputation in the market, well-established airlines in China such as China Airline, Cathay Pacific, etc. are offering very high quality service to customer.In addition to that in the meantime, AirAsia has to compete with many tough competitors in its local market. Thus, there is possibility that AirAsia might not take the lead when entering new markets and might not be able to partake its targets in new markets. There fore, AirAsia should take into account the possibility of low demand and be ready to make modifications to its strategy in order to respond The exceeding Games 2008 would be a great opportunity for AirAsia to strengthen its image in customers mind.To take this advantage, AirAsia should organize some activities to promote the company. Other big companies will for sure promote itself through taking part in such activities as Olympic Sponsorship, On-Air advertisement, etc. AirAsia should choose a different tactic. Instead, it can create connective between AirAsia and the Olympic through programs spread via mass media such as design logo for AirAsia used during the Olympic time or organize a lottery program the prizes of which would be Olympic tickets or flying tickets inside China.AirAsia can also use other promotion programs like offering calendar method trip tickets flying to cities where the Games would take place at the price of 1 reminbi (Chinese currency) for the first 10 cus tomers buying tickets at a random period of time during 6 months before the Olympics. This should help build up the demand for AirAisa services among the customers and enhance its position in customers mind.To conclude, it is important for AirAsia to be aware of all contingencies that may happen during its operations and to be ready to apply modifications to the strategy to protect itself from any possible issues that might occur. These contingencies may not come to reality but it is essential to have contingency plans and to be able to make necessary modifications to the strategy in case of the price war, or lost of the customers, or difficulties entering the new markets in order to adapt to these changes and continue to operate successfully.

Alternative and Activist New Media Essay Example for Free

Alternative and Activist bare-assed Media EssayNew MediaIntroduction New media is the access to content by workout of digital devices like phones and computers anytime and anywhere across the globe. Harries (56) believes the content of tender media is being accessed in purely errant ways in real time. It is a space dominated by creativity and interaction inform of culture sharing in a feedback motivated set up. The naked as a jaybird media space is abandoned to manipulation and is usually networkable and highly interactive. The range of such media is large extending from internet, video programmes, CD-ROMs to multimedia just to mention a few. New media is paperless and does not include telecasting programmes usually propagated on analogue signals, books, articles and other written media. Wikipedia is arguably the best example of the new media according to Harries (56). It displays a great volume of digital data inform of text, videos, pictures and miscellaneous links l eading to their sites of location. The randomness therein can be altered by editors and writers to benefit those clients who may not be beaten(prenominal) with the language used-English. The interaction is manifest in the way feedback is accessed in the site by users. Users are alike exposed to a variety of data at just a click on one site. Facebook and Wikitude are also examples in this pursuit. Users of Facebook for instance have a higher level of interaction, exchanging instant information in a bidirectional feedback mechanism. Wikitude on the other hand has a capability to show images in three dimensions, recognise such images and give a clear photographic view to realise an amplified reality. The benefits of this trend can never be underestimated. Lievrouw (1980) says globalisation is the major impact of the new media. It has increased exchange of information amongst the great unwashed all over the globe over the internet. People exchange information in form of texts, pic tures, drawings, videos among other forms in such platforms that allow blogging and batting order of such information on various websites. Social relationship has increased a great deal to the extent it now demeans the distance between people. globalisation is seen as a form of interaction that is not restricted by the borders of one nation but extends across the globe defying the distances over the large add and water masses of the world. What a relief over travelling that was prompted by the need for communication in the past quantify Lievrouw, however, maintains that the benefits of globalisation are see at the expense of a tension free public space. The new media environment creates a lot of tension amongst different faculties a cross the world. The uncontrolled communication sometimes may become a leeway for the unruly people to use such platforms for their personal gains. The information dissemination disconnects from various government both political and cultural. Publ ic relationships between people can be very indented as a result of the geographical trespass. Social restrictions that existed in the past are continuously being eliminated by virtual communities that are speedily mushrooming in the online platforms. He says the American Digital Consumer views the users of the social media as a people who are in constant exchange of pleasantries, ideas and goods online. It praises the social occasion played by new media in the business world especially in advertisement. Although there may be arguments that the internet world does not affect the morals of a society, it is true that the moral decadence in play around the world directly is all borne by this trend. Mention any sexual vice like pornographic movies and the propagator will be named internet. From the foregoing argument, it is true that the decadence in the societal morality has being caused by developments that are seen in the new media. Sparks (275) says that the media equation asserts that people treat computers like fellow human beings. This implies that new media is also very pivotal in fostering social change in our society. According to Sparks new media has been used to communicate interact and in mobilization of galore(postnominal) social groups around the world. The first group to use the new social media to bring changes in organisation and communiqus in the year 1994 was the Zapatista army. Since then the new social media has been used in many ways around the world. The protests around the world are all based on the new media to propagate the information in one way here and there. In big organisations, protests are organised and communicated through the new media. The new media is used to educate members on the various requirements on their engagements. The democratic championship has also been made possible through this platform. The access to information is highly increased and hence an increased enlightening citizens. dissimilar people take advantag e of the new media to mobilise the support from grassroots levels an endeavour that was almost a dark cat in the dark over the past. Sparks (300) also argues that even so scepticism has been part of these developments. Sceptic scholars cite imbalance in the access of the new media around the world as a hindrance to attempts aimed at broadening the base of movements. Sometimes this may result in the oppression of the minority in the same movements. Some scholars still motion how new media may be of value to social movements not only for the ones without access of it but also for them that use it. The movements can also use the new media wrongly as in the case for constant mass action by the university students around the world. If such actions have no grounded base on land then their propagation on such media is of no value to the society. National security is a priority to any government. The new media is very important role player in this field. All the information on security is stored in a data based and secured. The information can be accessed easily and at once using various data base tool by the authorities in times of need hence improving the reactions in times of security shocks. Surprisingly the recent trend of terrorism shows sophisticated use of the new media in the accomplishment of their merciless attacks on innocent citizens of various countries. New social media has become a very good platform for terrorist to organise their malicious acts. After a massacre you can hear those giving dialog that are evident of claims for responsibility. Industries also use new social media to pass across information regarding various duties. Employees within different departments can share information and ideas culminating to quality improvement in the industry. Politicians also use social platforms nowadays to rally support. Their manifestos, pictures and achievements on behalf of people can always be posted to affirm people abreast of their good deeds. In s ummary new media has a great impact on the present societal trends. It all depends on the individuals who use it and the reason for which the use it. It is very beneficial if used well across different fields to bring positive change.ReferencesHarries, Dan. The New Media Book. London British accept Institute, 2002. Print.Lievrouw, Leah A. Alternative and Activist New Media. Cambridge, UK Polity, 2011. Print.Sparks, Glenn G. Media Effects Research A Basic Overview. Australia Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2013. Print.Source document

Grammatical constraints on code-switching

Grammatical constraints on code- replenishmentingGrammatical constraints on code-switchingThe behaviour of bilingual and multilingual speakers in a wide variety of speech communities and a broad range of social linguistic contexts has been the subject of research since the 1970s. Specific attention has been paid in the belles-lettres on bilingualism/multilingualism to the phenomenon of code-switching, one of the replys of which has been the proposal of and subsequent debate surrounding a number of different grammatic onrushes to it. This essay go forth attempt to examine and converse some of the main grammatic preludees to code-switching, and go on to look at the arguments advanced to support (and undermine) these. As Poplack (1980) mentions, authors of the early literature when not focusing on the sociolinguistic and discourse elements relating to code-switching concluded that code-switching was a phenomenon that occurred at random. Subsequent research has shown that there ar code-switching patterns and that switching is, in fact, subject to grammatical conventions the debate at once is centred on what, exactly, those rules argon. The various theories put forward by scholars in this field of research seek to elaborate universal propositionly-applicable rules that grievance for all instances of code-switching in all style pairs. As leave alone be seen in this essay, and as is claimed by Gardner-Chloros and Edwards (2004) and Alvarez-Cccamo (1998), none of these theories achieves its aim.It is worth bearing in mind that, broadly speaking, there are devil main types of code-switching intersentential and intrasentential. The latter is arguably of greater interest to researchers as it is only there that the two grammars are in contact (Myers-Scotton and Jake (1995)). there are some(prenominal) main grammatical set aboutes to code-switching which fall into a number of broad categories, apiece of which will be discussed in turn.Gardner-Chloros and Edwards (2004 3-4) argue that any given grammatical approach to code-switching depends on the sense of the word grammar. They claim that at least five senses of the edge can be identified and, of those five senses, grammatical approaches to code-switching have cogitate (explicitly or otherwise) on the following two Formal grammar and Chomskyan/Universalist grammarPoplacks prove of code-switching amongst a sample of bilingual Puerto-Ricans in New York City (1980) is an empirical quiz of two simple constraints that, she claims, are universally applicable the Equivalence Constraint and the Free Morpheme Constraint. The Equivalence Constraint dictates that intrasentential switches will only be serve by any bilingual speaker (irrespective(prenominal) of the speakers proficiency in his or her L2) at slurs in discourse where juxtaposition of L1 and L2 elements does not violate a syntactical rule of either phrase, i.e. at luffs around which the surface grammatical constructions o f the two dustups map onto each other. So a bilingual speaker implicitly obeys the syntactic rules imposed by the respective grammars (which, in this warning, are deemed to function rules that apply to the use of event lexical items or speech constituents) and will only make a switch from one code to the other at points where that switch will not violate the rules of either grammar. Indeed, the title of Poplacks paper is a lesson in point(1) Sometimes I start a sentence in Spanish y termino en espanol(and finish in Spanish)Here, the switch is make at a point in the sentence where the Spanish subordinate article y termino en espanol does not violate the grammatical rules of English (which are deemed to set the framework for the sentence) the verb terminar is correctly inflected (termino first person singular, present indicative) as the English verb to finish would be (i.e. I finish) had the clause been uttered in the latter speech communication and indeed, the grammar of th e subordinate clause does not violate any grammatical rules of Spanish, were the entire sentence to be uttered just in Spanish.The Free Morpheme Constraint states that an intrasentential switch may be made by any bilingual speaker provided a constituent is not a bound morpheme. Thus a sentence such as(2) And what a tertuliait was, Dios mio(And what a gathering it was, my God)is acceptable under the Free Morpheme constraint (note that idiomatic expressions such as Dios mio above are considered to behave like bound morphemes in that they show a strong tendency to be uttered monolingually), unlike a sentence such as(3) *Estaba type-ando su ensayo(She was type-ing her essay)Subsequent discussion and research have shown that Poplacks Constraints theory is not universally applicable to all language pairs or all instances of code-switching. It would appear that the Constraints model sits perfectly with Poplacks own data set drawn from her sample Puerto-Rican speech community, and may be a ppropriate for language pairs which share fact grammatical, syntactic or lexical features, such that these facilitate switches that indeed do not violate any grammatical rules of either of the languages in contact. Nevertheless, Poplack has continued to defend and refine the model, arguing that instances of code-switching that violates either or both of the constraints are not code-switches at all, but rather what are termed by Poplack nonce borrowings (a term first coined by Weinreich (1953)). These, it is argued, are tantamount to single-word code-switches words from the L2 are utilise in an L1-dominant utterance but have yet to become an set up part thereof. Poplack argues that the Free Morpheme constraint is a consequence of the nonce borrowing hypothesis (Sankoff et al, 1990). However, further research has yet fully to substantiate the claim of universal applicability of the Constraints model to all language pairs and all instances of code-switching.Other constraints models have to a fault been put forward, amongst others, by Pfaff (1979) in her study of Spanish-English code-switching and borrowing. She argues that there are four main types of constraints on constraints functional, structural, semantic and discourse-related. Further constraints have as well been course of studyulated by Woolford (1983) in her generative model of code-switching (again based on data from Spanish-English bilinguals). much(prenominal) constraints models can be contrasted with the far more elaborate Matrix Language Frame model developed and advocated by Myers-Scotton and her collaborators (1993 and subsequently refined 1995, 2000), in which sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics are combined within a grammatical approach to code-switching. The imprint of a base or matrix language was not new when the MLF model was initially published by Myers-Scotton. Work by Klavans (1985), Joshi (1985) and others had already posited a frame or matrix into which elements of the other l anguage could be embedded.The broad lines of the MLF are as follows. Myers-Scotton makes the case for code-switching to involve a base or matrix language (ML), into which pockets of embedded language are inserted. The ML, then, is the unmarked language choice that provides the grammatical structure for the utterance or discourse, with islands of EL inserted at grammatically acceptable points of that utterance. She distinguishes amid different types of morphemes and the role they play in code-switching the ML supplies the system morphemes (closed-class items) in the sentence, succession the EL supplies a proportion of the content morphemes (open-class items). There is also a psycholinguistic dimension to the MLF model, in that the ML is deemed to be more activated than the EL it therefore lends itself more readily to providing the frame for code-switching betwixt a bilingual speakers two (or more) languages.In seeking to define matrix language Myers-Scotton argues that the decisio n made on the part of bilingual speakers to make intrasentential switches is based on social, psychological and structural factors. It is these factors that essentially realise the basis of a definition of the ML. There are two structural criteria involved The ML is the language that projects the morphosyntactic frame for the CP that shows intrasentential CS. This is operationalised by two principles the morpheme order principle, which states that the surface morpheme order (reflecting surface syntactic relations) will be that of the ML and the system morpheme principle, which states that all system morphemes that have grammatical relations external to their head constituent (i.e. participate in the sentences thematic role grid) will come from the ML. The ML generally supplies the greater number of morphemes in intrasentential code-switching.The sociolinguistic flavours of the MLF model underpin the psycholinguistic ones as stated above, the ML is the unmarked or expected languag e choice for the exchange between code-switching speakers. It is pointed out, however, that this is not always the case, for instance when the speakers do not share the said(prenominal) first language. It is also argued that the ML can change over the course of an exchange, in relation to situational changes for example.The distinction between content and system morphemes is commutation to the MLF model, in that they help to identify the ML and EL. Under the MLF model, content morphemes come mainly from the EL, with system morphemes coming principally from the ML to form the frame in which code-switching can occur.There are, however, difficulties in using morphemes to identify the ML, particularly when a speakers bilingualism is quite balanced. The quantitative criterion states that the majority of the morphemes in a code-switched utterance will come from the ML. However, this raises the issue of sample size which Myers-Scotton herself concedes is difficult to determine and comes up against instances of code-switching by balanced bilingual speakers who use both of their languages more or less equally the number of morphemes from each language will, therefore, be more or less equal, thus undermining the applicability of the quantitative criterion posited in the MLF model in identifying the ML. .Like the Constraints model, subsequent research and commentary have led to the MLF model organism refined into its current form, the 4-M Model. In this theory, further distinctions are drawn between categories of system morpheme. Attempts are also made to resolve issues in the original MLF model, such as double morphology.An interesting aspect of the MLF model is that it does not scoop the sentence as an appropriate unit for the grammatical analysis of code-switching. Myers-Scotton instead uses the CP (complement phrase) as an analytical unit, which she defines asa syntactic structure expressing the predicate-argument structure of a clause, plus the additional syntac tic structures needed to encode discourse- applicable structure and the logical form of that clause. Because CP explicitly assumes that the unit of structure includes COMP (complementizer) position, it is a more precise term than either clause or sentence.For all of its innovation and complexity which sets it in stark contrast with the simplicity of the Constraints model discussed above the MLF model does not account for all instances of code-switching in all language pairs, fitting only with certain language pairs, and particularly with Myers-Scottons data set drawn from East African languages and dialects as well as cases of very asymmetric bilingualism where the speakers proficiency in one or other of the languages in contact is weaker.So neither the Constraints model nor the MFL model gives a complete grammatical description of code-switching instead, they each absorb a particular form or class of code-switching into which particular language pairs or forms of bilingualism fi t. A more complete view is therefore required.Muysken (2000) proposes a typology of code-mixing (a term that he favours over code-switching, which he reserves for referring to instances of rapid interchange between languages in the same discourse) that attempts to encompass both of the models discussed above, with an additional component that he terms congruent lexicalization. He argues that there are three main types of CS Alternation this is a form of code-switching in which bilingual speakers alternate between their two (or more) languages. An example of alternational code-mixing is Poplacks Constraints model. Insertion in this form of CS, speakers insert chunks of switched constituents from the L2 into discourse framed in L1. Muysken argues that the MLF model is an case of insertional code-mixing. Congruent lexicalization this is code-mixing between language pairs that share close morphological and phonological ties. An example of one such language pair (and the corresponding c ode-switching) is provided by Clynes study of Dutch-English code-switching in Australia (1987). Muysken argues that different language pairs will fit into one or other of those types. So, rather than proposing a one size fits all grammatical approach to code-switching/code-mixing, he acknowledges that code-mixing/code-switching between different languages pairs will display different characteristics, rather than claiming that all instances of code-mixing/code-switching will fit into a single immutable model or theory.It is interesting to note that Muysken is also a proponent of the Chomskyan administration model of code-switching. In a paper co-authored with Di Sciullo and Singh (1986), it is argued that the government constraint, whereby there can be no switch in codes between a governor constituent and its corresponding governed item, will serve to predict which switches will and will not be acceptable, regardless of the languages in contact in a bilingual persons lexicon. The mo del, however, does not account for or predict all instances of code-switching indeed, bilingual speakers will code-switch at any point in any given utterance, Government or no. Even when the scope of the model is restricted to lexical government by non-function words (Muysken 1990), it trunk an overstatement. It must also be borne in mind that this model will change as many times as Chomskys theory of Universal Grammar goes done its various transformations in its current incarnation of the Minimalist Program, the notion of Government has been cast aside altogether owing to definitional difficultiesAnother take on the generativist approach to code-switching is the null theory of code-switching. A number have been put forward (Mahootian (1993), Chan (1999), MacSwan (1999, 2000), Woolford (1983)). The basic premise of the null theory approach whether it is couched in terms of head Adjoining Grammar (Joshi 1985) or the Minimalist Program/Principles and Parameters is that code-switc hing can be described in terms of grammatical principles relevant to monolingual grammars, without postulating additional devices or constraints that are specific to code-switching itself. This is an attractive argument, but far from compelling. Generativist models are highly abstract, to the point where they are too far receded from the realities of bilingual speech. The underlying premise of Chomskys notion of the monolingual ideal speaker is not helpful here, as it leads to generalisations about bilingual speakers that are simply not accurate, as they are not a reflection of how bilinguals combine their languages in speech. Additionally, the ungrammatical disposition of speech weakens any grammatical model of code-switching (see below).There are a number of reasons why none of these models (perhaps with the exception of Muyskens proposed typology of code-mixing) can account for all instances of CS.1. Variability As Gardner-Chloros and Edwards regenerately point out, this varia bility is found between communities, within a single community, right down to the speech of individuals and even within the speech of a single individual within the same conversation (2004 4). This may be the end result of and, at the very least, related to the idiolectal competence of individual speakers.2. Nature of bilingual speech Bilingual speakers are known to employ all anatomys of devices and tricks to avoid universe constricted by the dictates of grammatical rules. Speakers use pauses, interruptions and other means to neutralize any grammatical awkwardness resulting from switching at a particular point in the sentence.These devices serve a functional purpose in allowing speakers to make full use of both of their languages, and legitimising combinations from languages that are typologically different (e.g. word order).3. Abstract nature of the notion of grammar and sentence These are abstractions used by linguists to conceptualise language behaviour, in this instance amo ngst bilingual speakers. The issue here is whether such abstractions are relevant to the analysis of CS as seen in bilingual speech. The concept of the sentence may not be appropriate to the analysis of code-switching in any emergence speakers rarely utter fully-rounded, grammatical sentences in everyday discourse and code-switch at will with seemingly little concern for the grammaticality of the (intersentential or intrasentential) switches that they make so effortlessly. Furthermore, from a grammatical analysis perspective, Gardner-Chloros and Edwards argue that even if the sentence were to be accepted as the upper limit of grammar and a meaningful unit in the context of code-switching, this would mean that grammatical approaches would only seek to explain intrasentential switches whilst omitting intersentential switches and conversational moves (2004 5). The fundamental question at issue is whether or not a grammatical approach to code-switching is even appropriate. Given the va riability of code-switching and the nature of speech in general and bilingual speech more specifically it seems particularly difficult to invent any kind of universally applicable principle or constraint that accurately predicts how, where and when a bilingual speaker will switch codes, let totally whether that switch will grammatical. Variability lays at the very heart of code-switching it is a reflection of a human ability to handle and manipulate language in any way that serves the speakers purpose in any given situation and with any given interlocutor(s). Another salient point that emerges is whether code-switching is even an observable fact. Gardner-Chloros (1995) argues that CS is an analyst construct, a product of linguists conceptualisations of language contact and language mixing and, as such, not separable from borrowing, interference or pidginisation (1995 86), be it in ideological or practical terms. She also argues that the abstract concept currently accepted in bi lingualism research is fuzzy and should in fact be used as a much broader term for a range of interlingual phenomena in which strict alternation between two discrete systems is the exception rather than the rule (1995 68). If that is indeed the case, is it possible to begin to formulate a grammar of code-switching when there is still uncertainty as to what code-switching actually is?The arguments put forward by Alvarez-Cccamo (1998) are also related to the points raised by Gardner-Chloros. In tracing the development of code-switching as a field of bilingualism research and of applied linguistics as a whole, he distinguishes between linguistic varieties and communicative codes, arguing that code-switching pertains to the former category and, as such, suggests that code-switching is perhaps a misnomer. He proposes that the concept of CS in its current form be both narrowed to exclude unrelated phenomena that have come under the banner of code-switching, and broadened to include those elements that have been excluded (including aspects of monolingual speech). It is difficult to see how an wide approach to code-switching can be put forward until the phenomenon of code-switching has been properly identified (and presumably labelledIn order to argue convincingly for or against the innovation of code-switching constraints and code-switching grammars () research should first convincingly prove that (a) speakers who code-switch possess two (or more) identifiable systems or languages, each with its identifiable grammatical rules and lexicon and (b) code-switched speech results from the predictable interaction between lexical elements and grammatical rules from these languages. (Alvarez-Cccamo (1998 36))However, the issue here again lays in the conceptualisation of bilingual speech. Abstractions used by linguists in examining language phenomena such as code-switching remove the human element reflected in discourse strategies employed by bilingual speakers (discussed ab ove see below).A further aspect of code-switching, while not stringently grammatical, is discussed by Bentahila and Davies (1995) the variables related to language contact situations, and how those change depending on developments in the contact situations. In a study of different generations of Moroccan Arabic-French bilinguals, they examine the alliance between patterns of code-switching and patterns of language contact and the influence of extraneous factors on those patterns. They point out that code-switching is affected by the nature of the contact between a particular pair of languages duration of contact, for instance, and the impact of governmental language planning policies. They found that while all the bilingual speakers in their sample speech community used the same languages, their use of those same languages depended on their proficiency in both, which in turn depended on their age and the effects of governmental language planning and nationalistic policies pursued in the post-colonial continuum. It could be argued that evolving patterns of code-switching contribute to the variability of code-switching practices amongst bilingual speakers and, therefore, constitute another (indirect) reason why grammatical approaches to code-switching so often fall short.In summary, then, a number of grammatical models of intrasentential code-switching, with each claiming to predict where in the sentence a bilingual person will switch languages and that such switches will be made in such a way as not to violate any of the grammatical rules of either of the languages in contact. It is contended that, rather than achieving that aim, each model is specific to the data sets on which they are based, and can only really apply to similar language pairs. They therefore only describe an aspect of a phenomenon that is far more complex than the models would suggest. Furthermore, the applicability of the various models also depends on the kind of bilingual concerned and their proficiency in their respective language pairs the Constraints model appears to be more relevant to more balanced bilinguals, for instance, while the MLF model seems to be more appropriate to more asymmetric bilinguals. It must be remembered that the models are not in stasis but rather continually refined and amended in relation to developments in their particular theoretical backdrop the Government model of code-switching, for instance, is based on a theory of Universal Grammar that is itself evolving over time. Muyskens typology of bilingual speech (2000), which draws on the leading models of code-switching/code-mixing and seeks to account for all instances of code-switching by victorious into account the various aspects involved therein, appears to be the most rounded of the grammatical approaches to the phenomenon, in that it encompasses the disparate aspects that have formed the focus of individual models. There is also the issue of whether code-switching is a phenomenon in its own right and, if not, what linguistic phenomena the concept of code-switching can be deemed to cover. Has the concept become an umbrella term used to describe a number of different linguistic devices employed by bilingual speakers? Or are these elements that are indistinguishable from a wider phenomenon?To conclude, it would appear that research into and grammatical approaches to code-switching have lost sight of the fact that code-switching is an abstraction used by linguists to conceptualise an aspect of the behaviour of bilingual speakers. After all, languages do not do things people do things, languages are abstractions from what people do . Such a conceptualisation has led to researchers attempting to fit bilingual speech behaviour to a particular model rather than the other way around, discounting aspects such as variability, bilingual discourse strategies and the fact that code-switching is a creative, innovative process designed, it would appear, almost to avoid gra mmatical constraints altogether. Abstract grammatical models cannot reflect the realities of language contact and use. Not only that, but code-switching is also a gauge of language change and shift this being the case, it is plausible that a grammatical shift would ensue, thus undermining a given model. Factors such as those mentioned by Bentahila and Davies (1995) must also have some kind of impact on grammatical models when these are based on a language contact situation which is shifting and evolving. A step back towards the realities of bilingual communication and speech acts, combined with an acceptance of the variability that they necessarily entail as reflected in the typology proposed by Muysken (2000) would constitute a more appropriate beginning point for any grammatical approach to code-switching that sets out to be all things to all bilingual speakers.

The Rise Of Facebook In Vietnam Media Essay

The Rise Of Facebook In Vietnam Media EssayReading Public Relations at university, I am al courses fascinated by the art of communicating with and persuading people. Being a heavy user of Facebook, I am amazed how the affectionate net since its carry has brought about so many changes to the ways people sh be and communicate. This explore paper is my attempt to investigate the merchandise communication theory role of Facebook in my office country, Vietnam.A gaze targeting at 100 Viet formse net income users and interviews with two industry experts were conducted and analysed. I was able to sit in the positions of both users and marketers to view the write out. Findings showed that Facebook merchandising communications in Vietnam is currently at its young age save has had a very interesting journey of append. The young internet community and merchandise practiti unrivaledrs in Vietnam love Facebook. Nevertheless, that is not enough to secure future achiever the affect ionate network has to do much much than in order to sum up its digital influence in a highly competitive market.Chapter 1 IntroductionOverviewThere have been a tot of studies on effects of kind media on marketing communications, a few of which have a specific investigation on the companionable network gargantuan Facebook. However, nearly of those lone(prenominal) reduce on cuttings in the West where the emergence of t removeer media first happened and nigh of the marketing trends originate. I am indeed keen on doing a research on how genial networks and Facebook specific everyy have entrap its ways and been used as a marketing communications tool in the separate attitude of the world.Vietnam is one of the fastest growing internet cosmoss worldwide with around 30 million users, making up a third of the total population. The Facebook law of closure production which caused difficulties logging in the web station starting since late 2009 has not net this mixer network less attractive in Vietnamese users perspectives. Facebook marketing and communications in Vietnam to a greater ex decennarytover enjoys a boom when agencies have increasingly appreciated the power of the site in influencing audiences. This research paper attempts to study the nature of this development and its roles to marketing communications in the eyes of both users and marketers.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to investigate the current performance and future potential of Facebook as a marketing communications tool in Vietnam. It is hence important to determine pro bear downs of Vietnamese Facebook users and their behaviours towards the social network. Opinions of industry experts on how effective Facebook is and will be to get along and persuade audiences be also essential.Key aras of investigation includeWhat is the current place of Facebook in the Vietnam social web market?What is happening to Facebook in Vietnam? Is this rattling blocked?Who use Facebook al most in Vietnam? How do they interact with the site?What are their concerns when victimization Facebook?How reliable Facebook content is compared to other media platforms?How effective is Facebook in cost of marketing communications in Vietnam?What is the future of Facebook marketing in the country?The study is in general to provide an insight of Facebooks performance in Vietnam, charge on its marketing roles. It specifically aimed to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the social network as a growing marketing communications tool in this emerging economy.1.3 footingThe internet in Vietnam has had a fascinating journey of development, in opinion of Thomas Crampton, Asia-Pacific Director of Ogilvy 360 Digital Influence. He believes that the rapid growth of the internet in Vietnam receives support of three main factors including a developing nation, young population and the Government (Vietnam News, 2010).In footing of statistics, a research in 2010 by TNS, one of the worlds biggest market research multitudes, showed that 45% of Vietnamese are highly engaged in digital activities. The countrys figure is ranked fifth in Asia-Pacific area and well-nighwhat higher than the United Kingdom (43%) and the United States (42%). According to the same source of statistics, Vietnam is noticen as one of the youngest internet populations worldwide with the average age of 27.another(prenominal) large feature of the internet in Vietnam is its growing mobility. Again, statistics proved it best when showing that Mobile internet in Vietnam saw a growth of more(prenominal) than 800 per cent last socio-economic class, reaching a total of 110 million mobile subscribers in early 2010 (Vietnam News, 2010). All of these somehow draw an overall try of Vietnams internet environment with a young, mobile-going and highly-digital community. companionable Media in VietnamLike the development of the internet, Vietnam social media has witnessed dramatic growth since its first day in the country. Social network usage add-ond signifi muckletly from 4% in 2009 to 64% in 2010 (Crampton, 2010). Social networking was ranked as the most important digital activity by 25% of Vietnamese internet users, just behind Emailing which was ranked first by 27% of the research participants (TNS, 2011).The social web market in Vietnam attach its first turning tiptop in 2005 with the launch of yokel360, a blogging tool which allows users to compose their writings, customise screens and socialise with friends. Before the emergence of chawbacon360, the social web environment in Vietnam relied on a few dominant platforms. yahoo dominated the instant messaging and emailing sectors bit its searching function was comparatively popular together with Google. Community pages varied when users tended to participate in their online local community such as school forums rather than a particular national-scale page. A similar situation happened to video/music -sharing sites when several providers shared the popularity. After Yahoo360 came, it ruled the social media world in the country, possibly with the support of Yahoos early potential in Vietnam internet services. Millions of Vietnamese enjoyed writing about their daily lives and gossiping celebrity sores. They gradually created a mass online community and a unique blogging genius called Yahoo360.It was not a tool specifically designed for Vietnam market, exclusively the market took it anyway, with great passion and enthusiasm. (Nguyen, Ogilvy 360 Digital Influence, 2010)Only people from Mars dont k straightaway about Yahoo, said Hoang An, 21, one of countless fans of the portal, which has one of the countrys most potent brands. (Russell, Asian Correspondent, 2010).The next turning point happening to the Vietnam social web community was in 2009. Yahoo360 dominated social media in Vietnam however did not work wholesome in other countries. The blogging tool failed to serve global c ustomers, forcing Yahoo global to close the service. The firm gave warnings about the closure several times since early 2009 however Yahoo Vietnam has seen a mix of trying to maintain the exploit and investment versus tempting to close it down (Nguyen, 2010). The modestness was as clear as the brand has achieved such a significant success in the country. Yahoo360 users or in this depicted object a majority of the Vietnam web community were strongly against this decision. Nevertheless, their efforts could not help prevent the closure of the site in 2010. Yahoo Vietnam not long after that launched a local blogging service targeted specifically at Vietnam market called Yahoo360 Plus. However, the replacement has not achieved such extreme success like its original version did. Since then, the market has witnessed the emergence of a keep down of social media, both domestic and international brands.Facebook in VietnamThe number of Facebook Vietnamese users has reached more than 1.5 m illion in early 2011 (Social Bakers, 2011). The figure in 2009 was around 40,000 and impressively doubled in 2010. Facebook estimated a number of 1.9 million Vietnamese users in 2011.The social network has a Vietnamese-language version along with its English site users thus have a election of the language they want for their own pages. However, language has neer been a problem preventing the popularity of social media in general and Facebook especially in Vietnam. English was the only language used in many social media tools however, what really matters is that users can eternally propose their own content in Vietnamese or any other languages. Facebook is furthermore an international social network thus designed to reach international users.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewWhen researching the performance of Facebook as a marketing communications tool in Vietnam, I came crossways a number of concepts and facts which help build a better understanding of the topic. In this chapter, I wi ll then explore these concepts and their relations to the study of marketing communications on Facebook Vietnam. They include the growing roles of social media in general and Facebook especially to marketing communications, the place of Facebook in comparison to its competitors and the internet censorship issue in the country.2.1 marketing Communications to Social Media and FacebookThere are a variety of definitions of the term social media. Social media guru Larry weber in his book marketing to the Social Web suggested that The social web is an online place where people with common interest can gather to share thoughts, comments, and opinions. It includes social networks such as MySpace, Gather, and Facebook and mark web destinations like Amazon, Netflix and eBay. In summary, it is a new world of unpaid media created by individuals or enterprises on the web. (Weber, 2009 4)Looking at another source, Brian Solis and Deirdre Breakenridge (2009 xvii) defined social media as the de mocratisation of content and the shift in the role people play in the process of reading and disseminating information. In general, definitions slightly vary but all feature social media as new media platforms whose content is created on the web and by internet users.The term marketing communications meanwhile is widely agreed to consists of the promotional activities pursued by the firm and includes personalized selling, mass selling, (comprising advertising and publicity), public relations and sales promotions (Monye, 2000 11). It is the process of interacting with audiences or customers in a way that promotes a favourable brand image and helps build goodwill.Putting social media and marketing communications together, it then results in the concept of a new communications tool which is establish on strengths of social web. Zarrella in The Social Media Marketing Book believes that the best way to define the term is to compare it with marketing on traditional media (including tele vision, newspapers, radio and magazines). The author describes these traditional media as one-way static broadcast technologies while social media with new web technologies have made it easy for anyone to create and, most importantly to distribute their own content (Zarrella, 2010 2-3). Marketing on the social web hence does not require abundant sums of money to embed their messages but can make their own interesting content that viewers will flock to (Zarrella, 2010 3).Supporting the idea of this growing power, Larry Weber believes that the social web has transmitted the way we do marketingRather talking at customers, marketers should talk with them. And the social web is the most effective way in the history of the world to do just that on a large scale. (Weber, 2009 4)Among a number of different social media platforms, social network giant Facebook indeed makes up to the word giant. The review will focus on the marketing communications role of Facebook, which also seems to be one of the sites most significant social influences.The Facebook Marketing Book has a comprehensive summary of various marketing tactics Facebook. According to this, key strengths that make Facebook an effective marketing communications tool lie at its larger audience than old media and huge amount of personal information which has been volunteered by users to give the site then because advertisers (Zarrella, 2011 3). From big brands to small businesses, anyone is able to use Facebook adverts, applications, and pages to communicate directly with audiences and leverage their brand image.It is suggested that the diversity of Facebook applications, from messaging and photo sharing to gaming, is beneficial to not only users but also marketers. Marketing people now have more platforms to engage with customers and carry out new effective strategies. For example, a Facebook Profile could make huge contribution as it represents how people share things with their large and very connected gr oup of social connections. 500 million profiles on Facebook hence arrive precious sources of data for marketers to get use of In fact, this is Facebooks biggest selling point the site actively encourages users to fill their Profile with the type of information marketers are always trying to find all for free. (Zarrella, 2010 33)Facebook Pages, Groups and Events are also believed to be the key to most social media strategies and will more than likely be the central point for most of marketers efforts and promotions. The popularity and importance of creating and monitoring Facebook page was emphasised as users nowadays look at the site much the way we look at the internet 10 years ago and are confused when they cannot find their favourite store or celebrity (Zarrella, 2010 65). In terms of statistics, each of 500 million users on Facebook is connected to 60 Pages, Groups and Events on average.Overall, Facebook is con arrayred as a highly competitive and fast-moving channel but amazi ngly cost effective, which if used properly can be an extension of your brand, helping you present the same personality, tone and visual faces as you would in any other materials (Zarrella, 2011 7).2.2 Marketing Communications on Vietnam Social MediaThe phenomenon of Yahoo360 blog in Vietnam resulted in the emergence of influencers who are called hot bloggers in Vietnam. Their blogs attracted several millions of page views at the time and many of them are journalists. The social media expert in her word described these hot bloggers as whom PR departments in various agencies incorporated into clients marketing communications and PR activities (Nguyen, 2010). In general, it could be said that from the very early day when social media marked its appearance in Vietnam, PR and marketing have already been strongly involved in and taken advantage of the social web.The social web environment in Vietnam after the age of Yahoo360 has seen a rapid and diverse development, when a number of bot h local and international companies have joined the market. None of them seem to have made a phenomenon like what Yahoo360 did however more social media platforms are getting popular. Among those, social networks have especially marked a significant growth in the countryThose who like local social networks became members of Yume, ZingMe, Tamtay, i-pro, Henantrua, Vietspace, etc., while others who like foreign networks joined Multiply, WordPress, Yahoo Plus, Twitter, etc. However, none rules the market (Vietnamnet, 2010).The top influential social media sites in Vietnam was recently summarised in the below graph by the Ogilvy 360 Digital Influence team.Figure 3.1 The landscape of Vietnam Social Media 2010 (Ogilvy, 2010)According to the research above by Ogilvy, social media tools listed in the smaller circle are evaluated as being more influential than those in the larger circle of the same sector. Vietnam overall is considered as a fast-growing country in terms of social web develop ment. There are both local and international names operating in different sectors, ranging from blogging, social networking and music sharing to QA and online trading. In the sector of social networking specifically, Facebook is put behind three local sites in terms of digital influence. In other words, it is competing with local providers to be the top choice of online marketing communications tools.2.3 Facebook Block StoryFacebook is currently not the biggest social network in the country but growing fast in both number of users and influence on audiences. Its growing power has been proved after the blocking. The story started in late 2009 when it was getting difficult ingressing Facebook in Vietnam, leading to a worry that the brass would ban the social network. There were springs for such claim because Earlier this year, Vietnams government tightened restrictions on blogging, banning political discussion and restricting postings to personal matters. Police have arrested sever al bloggers for writing about politically sensitive subjects (Russell, Asian Correspondent, 2009). The government and state-controlled internet providers did not respond to a communicate for comment. Private internet companies meanwhile blame the spotty access on technical issues, without offering an estimate for when the problems will be resolved (Ngo, CNET News, 2009).Facebook seemed to face its end in Vietnam at the time when local media started spreading the rumour that the site is going out of service and following the pathway of Yahoo360The Thanh Nien, one of the most popular newspapers in Vietnam, ran an article with the headline Facebook in grave illness. It hinted that this is similar to the process of what happened to the now defunct Yahoo360, suggesting maybe its time to look to other social Web sites. (Ngo, CNET News, 2009)The situation remained sophisticated since there has been no official statement regarding the problem logging in Facebook in Vietnam. The only obviou s fact was that Vietnamese users could not access Facebook in their usual way. However, not the investigation of whether the government blocked Facebook and why they did so, state of the site after that is more the concern of my study. In relation to this, Global Voices had a comprehensive and interesting review of the whole issueWhen Vietnam blocked Facebook, everyone was talking about a smaller China. One year after the governments endeavour, Facebook Vietnam tells another story. Not only does Vietnam remain on the list of 10 countries with the fastest growth of Facebook users. (Chip, Global Voices, 2011)The author explained a simple reason for the above fact Because they can. If users in China have to pay for a VPN and go through a painful process to gain access to Facebook and other blocked websites, people in Vietnam just need to change their DNS settings and enjoy a full Internet experience for free.Information gathered from other sources showed an on the dot same situation w hen Vietnamese users found and spread ways to access Facebook as if there had never been a problem logging in the site before.Some tech-savvy Facebook fans have found ways around access problems by readjusting their web browsers to a different configuration. They have been sharing instructions for doing so online. (Russell, Asian Correspondent, 2009)Trung, a 15-year-old high school student, taught me how to change the DNS I figured it out myself, Trung said proudly, I just Googled it. Indeed, after a few Google searches, I found plenty of simple ways to bypass the ISPs DNS settings. (Ngo, CNET News, 2009)The commentator from CNET concluded Blocked web sites are new to Vietnam. However, this seems to be the first time people are out in big numbers looking for ways to bypass. This shows the popularity of Facebook and the desire of young Vietnamese to reach out and stay connected with the rest of the world.2.4 Facebook Vietnam to Marketing CommunicationsFacebook which had been doing re latively well in Vietnam, after the block seemed to catch even more attention. Its popularity immediately convinced marketers and PR people to take the site as a growing powerful marketing communications tool. ZingMe, which is the biggest social network in Vietnam and once considered as more influential by the Ogilvy team, now seems to lag behind Facebook, in the opinion of an industry expertWe have tried some campaigns on ZingMe, but the results werent very good. Most of Zing Me users are under 15, and many of them log in ZingMe just to play Nong Trai (a game similar to Facebook Farmville). There are not many activities outside games.Facebook is still the most effective despite its being blocked, both in term of interaction and conversion rate. (Chip, Global Voices, 2011)Fan page which can be created by anyone on Facebook and allows users to become members of a group supporting a particular brand or person has increased significantly in terms of number and popularity. It proves the growing power of Facebook as an online marketing communications tool in the countryThe largest fan page in Vietnam currently has 484,000 likes. For a market of 1.7 million users (and growing), the number means that this page has reached to almost 30 percent of Vietnamese Facebook users. Imagine this ratio worldwide, we would have a fan page with 100 millions likes. (Chip, Global Voices, 2011)The article on Global Voices emphasised another factor showing the rise of Facebook marketing in Vietnam which is the shift of hot bloggers from Yahoo360 to the social network. Gao, real name as Vu Phuong Thanh, who was once a Vietnamese hot blogger on Yahoo360 is now arguably the most popular Vietnamese on Facebook with more than 90,000 likes on her page. She is also working as the PR Manager for a new boy band in Vietnam. Regarding her media plan for the launch of the band, she shared that Social media, Facebook and YouTube, accounts for 60% of their marketing plan. Facebook is where people g et to know about 365. She doesnt want to use ZingMe or other Vietnamese websites. The fan page of the band on Facebook had more than 7,000 members after three weeks.It could be said that the blocking issue has not had significant impacts on the users side since they are still able to access Facebook. The block of Facebook even somehow helped raise public awareness and promote the popularity of the site in Vietnam. Agencies have recognised the growing power of Facebook in marketing communications hence taken actions to develop this new effective tool. The current situation generally looks promising to Facebook Vietnam, yet requires further actions and support100% our customers are international brands. Social media is still new here, local companies dont allocate budget for it. But I think from next year there will be more Vietnamese companies interested in social media. Advertising agencies now understand the efficiency of social media, and they are the ones who advice and allocate budget for brands. said Vo Thanh Cuong, CEO of heel Media, an agency specialised in digital marketing and communications. (Chip, Global Voices, 2011)From the other party which is Facebook itself, the social network has also taken this as a adept issue that needs to be considered and dealt with thoroughlyLast October, Facebook put up a message on its career page that they are looking for person that has experience in government relations work and navigating government agencies along with an extensive network of contacts in the government and the technology space.The recent visit of Javier Olivan, manoeuver of International Growth of Facebook, to Vietnam suggested that Vietnam will be soon taken care of.They should- said Cuong Vietnam is not a small market at all. With a population of 90 million and Internet penetration rate of 27.5%, Vietnam is definitely not small. (Chip, Global Voices, 2011)SummaryThe statistics and information gathered above all in all shows an overall pictu re of the emergence and development of Facebook in Vietnam. A review of its marketing communications roles has also been covered through brief analysis and case studies. In summary, social media generally and Facebook especially are emerging powerful marketing communications tools. In Vietnam, social media has its own ways of developing and go up users as well as an increasing power to marketing communications. The use of Facebook marketing is at its early stage but growing rapidly with despotic figures and comments from both users and marketers. The censorship issue seems to remain sophisticated but not affect the growth of Facebook in the country in a short run. Meanwhile, government relations and further support from different parties is the key to a more sustainable development of the social network in Vietnam.The literature review however has shown a one-sided positive picture of Facebook marketing and communications in general. In order to investigate the issue thoroughly, f urther research and analysis on both advantages and difficulties of Facebook marketing in Vietnam is required.Chapter 3 MethodologyIn order to study the marketing communications roles of Facebook in Vietnam, I believe that a gang of quantitative and qualitative methods will be more helpful than utilise a single type. I decided to carry out a retrospect targeting at a variety of Vietnamese internet users and intensive interviews with local communications experts. The sentiment is expected to provide numbers and facts regarding Facebook usage from the audience side while the interviews aimed to bring an insight of its marketing roles and future development in the opinion of local industry professionals.SurveyI conducted a survey which aimed to go on 80-100 Vietnamese internet users. As survey could be used to not only describe things but also explain them, data gathered from survey is expected to provide public behaviour, population characteristics and also measurements of variab les between which relationships can be analysed (Gunter, 2000 24). In this case, the purpose of doing survey is to find out who are using Facebook most in Vietnam, how they are interacting with the social network, and how reliable the content is to them. At the same time, it is expected to make comparisons of characteristics between different groups such as Vietnamese living in Vietnam and abroad, different genders and ages.Designing, delivering and managing a survey was said by Barrie Gunter as not just asking a group of people a few questions. It requires much planning and a high level of skill in its administration to ensure that valid and usable data are obtained (Gunter, 2000 23).Firstly, questions were constructed using different types depending on the purpose and nature of research. For example, multiple-choice was used when specific information is needed and could be easily made while opinion-based questions required a rating function. Questions were put in logical order, fr om general to specific and all easy to understand. Furthermore, the survey length was also taken into consideration the number of ten is believed to be reasonable enough as it takes participants less than five minutes to finish.Furthermore, diverse angles of the research topic Facebook usage in Vietnam were included, from time length, frequency, and means of access to content contribution and opinions on content reliability.Due to the fact that targeted respondents live in different parts of the world and all use the internet, I chose an online survey tool to carry out my quantitative research. Participants who were my circle of friends, relatives and colleagues could start the survey whenever they wanted by clicking the connector sent via email, Facebook message or Yahoo Messenger. The reason for using different delivery channels is to ensure that the research will approach both Facebook and non-Facebook users. This includes respondents who use other social networks rather than Fa cebook and who do not use social network at all. This is in attempt to minimise bias and make comparisons more accurately.I chose my circle of friends and relatives on the internet as my sample because higher rates of responses and honesty could be expected using personal relations. They also represent a random thus typical group of internet users fulfilling requirements of including different age groups living both in Vietnam and abroad.In terms of survey layout, the online survey provider was selected instead of sending an attached file via email to ensure professionalism and maximise the response rates. I also added an introduction which is short, realistically worded, non-threatening, serious, neutral and pleasant but firm because one way to increase the response rate in any survey is to prepare a persuasive introduction (Wimmer Dominick, 2000 171). Receivers who fulfil the sampling characteristics and know the sender as well as purpose of this survey are believed to be likely to contribute.Finally, as a function provided by the tool, data was gathered in an easy-to-use format and worth(predicate) for comparisons and analysis. Reponses are available to be viewed individually and in group so that it is possible to compare respondents who belong to different age, gender and location groups. The survey link was available for one month during which reminders and following-up were regularly carried out in order to achieve the targeted response rate.Intensive InterviewsIf the research survey aimed to seek an overview of Vietnamese Facebook users profiles based on quantitative data, the interviews are expected to provide an in-depth evaluation on Facebook marketing in Vietnam. Evaluation on the effectiveness of something is believed to be best undertaken by people who create it. In this case, they are communications and digital marketing professionals whose work is to create efficient marketing tactics on social media. (See auxiliary 2 3)Some expert comments on the issue have already been mentioned in the review of literature (Chapter 3), most of which however are relatively general. The intensive interviews were therefore designed and conducted in a way so as to provide specific, detailed and valuable opinions for further analysis. Since the objective is to obtain opinion-based responses, observational methods are not appropriate and intensive interview seems to be the only practical one.Areas of investigation include their opinions on Facebook development in Vietnam and its effectiveness as a marketing communications tool. The questions were constructed based on SWOT analysis model in attempt to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Facebook marketing in Vietnam. Especially, examples or real case studies are encouraged to be provided by the interviewees in order to back-up the statements.Interviews were conducted via email due to the fact that the interviewees live abroad and were too busy to schedule a long tel ephone interview. The lack of interaction and flexibility that this channel may result in was already taken into consideration. The interviews were therefore designed as a mini research paper which the respondent dealt with as an assignment. The positive side is that interviewees tend to take it more thoroughly with details and valuable back-up information than some thoughts that come up at the time she gives the answers face-to-face.The interviewees were given a reasonable length of time ranging from one to three weeks in order to provide the most comprehensive answers possible. Based on their responses, further questions were given to clarify an issue or develop an idea in more depth and generally increase interaction. All in all, the interviews receiv

Falstaffs Influence on Prince Hal in I Henry IV :: Henry IV Henry V Essays

Falstaffs Influence on Prince Hal in I Henry IV In Shakespearean histories, there is always one individual who influences the major character and considerably advances the plot. In I Henry IV by William Shakespeare, Falstaff is such a character. Sir conjuration Falstaff is perhaps the most complex comic character ever invented. He carries a dignified presence in the minds eye and in him, we recognize our interior admiration and jealousy of the rebellious dual personality that we all secretly wish for. The multi-faceted Falstaff, in comic revolt against law and order, in his role as father figure to Prince Hal, and ultimately, in his natural ability to discern and adapt to any situation, emerges as the most complex and paradoxical character in drama. Frequently, in literature, the sun represents royalty, or in this case the king, who strives to uphold law and order. Rhetorically, the stagnate, symbolizes instability, not only because it does not remain the same size to ones eyes as season passes, but because it reigns the ebb and flow of the tides. Therefore, as a knight guided by moonlight, Falstaff is a dissenter against law and order. This conclusion finds support in his humorous tautologies and epithets. Falstaff is invariably aware that Hal will one day become king, and when that happens, robbers will be honored in England by Letting us be indulgence Dianas foresters, gentlemen of the shade, monions of the moon and letting men say we be men of good government, being governed as the sea is, by our novle and chaste mistress the moon, under whose countenance we steal (I, ii, 25-30). Falstaffs final exam dismissal of law and order culminates with a comic plea to the prince, urging him to have nothing to do with old father antic the law? Do not thou, when thou art King, hang a thief (I, ii, 62-63). We see a similar epithet in the next act, send him packing (II, iv, 301), in which Falstaff again denounces responsibility, law, and o rder. Despite his lack of care for order and responsibility, the rebel dormant in readers applauds Falstaffs defiance of the establishment of his defense. Falstaff seems to appeal to the average reader, for he relates to them, just as a twentieth-century American

Ferris Bueller: Possible or Not? :: essays research papers

Ferris Buellers Day OffPossible or Not?Ferris, Sloane, and Cameron spend one amazing daytime ditching school, exploring the great city of Chicago and take time to visit many landmarks and take part in many exciting activities. The day depicted in the movie would be a great and exciting day for anyone, but is it possible for them to have done all of the liaisons they did in one day? I believe it is reasonable to believe that Ferris and company may have been able to do all the things they did in the movie in one day.The first thing that needs to be looked at is where Ferris lives. Ferris most likely lives within 10 minutes of his school considering he lives in the Chicago area and there are many high schools, he wouldnt live too far from his high school. That is all just logic. Ferris school was shot at Glenbrook North spunky School which is at 2300 Shermer Road Northbrook, IL 60062. Using this site and assuming Ferris house is ten minutes away the journey begins. It is assumed th at Ferris and Cameron pick up Sloane at 10 a.m. from school so this is when the timing starts. From school they head to downtown Chicago in Cameron dads 1961 Ferrari GT California, which has a top drive on of 155 mph . Despite this we can assume that with Ferris driving, and him being a very daring and confident teenager, he was likely driving between 80 and 90 mph on the open freeways to downtown. Ferris had to travel some 22 miles to the parking garage in downtown Chicago, 18 of which were on a freeway. anticipate Ferris drives about 80 mph it would take him less then 15 minutes on the freeway and probably another 10 minutes on surface streets to get to the parking garage. The parking garage was located on the corner of Madison and Wells in downtown Chicago. This would make the time about 1025 a.m. when they reached the parking garage to drop off the Ferrari.From the parking garage Ferris and his friends go to the top of Sears Tower and look down. It is approximately a one-half of a mile from the parking garage to Sears Tower. Walking briskly because they are excited about ditching school it can be assumed it took them about 10 minutes to walk that half mile.